tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60806072504507709072024-03-12T20:25:30.091-07:00阿信的筆記本Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-89276819757675326762021-09-29T06:28:00.003-07:002021-09-29T06:30:04.024-07:00我有幸參與的新北教產十年發展側記 --兼論教師工會發展之必要元素<p> <span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">新北市教育人員產業工會</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">(</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">簡稱新北教產</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">)</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">成立於</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">100</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">年</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">5</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">月</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">1</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">日,這一天即是</span><span face="新細明體, serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">2011</span><span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-indent: 24pt;">年工會法修正頒布開放教師得組織工會的第一天;就意義上來說,可說是教師對於工會三法勞動三權的積極回應,也開啟教師們以團結和行動,做為提升教師地位和工作條件的努力進程。本人有幸從新北教產成立後即擔任會務幹部,親身參與新北教產會務運作,並見證本會這十年的發展的各個重要里程碑。就個人觀察,本會之發展,或可分成初期的「教師工會的認同啟蒙」階段,及至全面邁向「勞動三權的實踐奮鬥」,「專業維權的協力運作」、「內部運作的民主化」各個面向。個人認為,新北教產過去這十年發展的特性,或可視為窺蠡教師工會於我國發展之徑。以下分而述之。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">一、</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師工會的認同啟蒙階段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">基於過去國家權力所形塑我國教師圖像的深刻化,教師被視為一神聖職務,犧牲奉獻地為國家履行教育任務;因此,期待教師有豐富之學養、崇高之品德、愛國之情操、勤勉犧牲之精神,能將教育視為神聖之志業,願意為國家興辦公教育作努力及犧牲<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。儘管於<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年工會法修正後,教師終於可依法組織及加入工會<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,依該法第<span lang="EN-US">4</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">3</span>項規定:「教師得依本法組織及加入工會。」,但不可否認的是,不少教師有一種非屬勞工階級的自我意識<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>;亦有意見認為,「工會的罷工是屬於藍領階級,而非白領教師維護權益的方式」<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>;「光爭取工作權利,沒有專業知識的話,人家會看不起你」<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。亦有不少教師本身,對於教師得比照勞工行使勞動三權之方式來維護其勞動條件的轉變,仍然相當排斥,認為教師爭權利與形象不符,更遑論因此而上街抗爭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">同時,反對教師加入工會者多主張,教師加入工會,是一種白領普羅化的墮落,與教師專業化的方向背離。其實教師作為勞動者之身分所以產生爭議,並非本質上教師非勞動者,而是心態上能否接受教師為勞動者的問題,而法令制度上之規定,不過是反映國家或社會大眾,甚至教師對此身分定位的態度而已<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">事實上,教師們集體受僱於學校乃為實際之狀況,教師對勞動條件的主張,很難單打獨鬥而有成功之機會。教師若無法透過工會勞動權的行使,賦予教師結社權以外之權力,要爭取教師工作條件的提升,無益為天方夜譚。在<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">UNESCO</span></b>「關於教師地位之建議」之中,亦曾就教師團體在這方面的功能加以建議,如:「教師的薪資及工作條件,應該透過教師團體與教師之雇主<span lang="EN-US">(</span>即學校<span lang="EN-US">)</span>間的談判程序加以決定。」「教師透過他們的團體與他們的雇主<span lang="EN-US">(</span>不論公立或私立學校<span lang="EN-US">)</span>談判的權利,應該要透過制度的建立才能被確保。」「教師與雇主間爭議產生,或者萬一雙方的談判已經破裂時,教師團體應有權去採取,通常開放給其他團體,為防衛他們的正當利益所採取的手段。」此正是教師工會所有之協商權與爭議權,所得運作之權力及功能<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">進一步而言,面對未來全球化所帶來勞資結構之改變,受僱者個人的弱勢力量,若非藉著集體勞動之力,實無可能以一己之力面對未來產業對個人的衝擊。為適應未來全球化帶來勞資結構之衝擊,我們必須要培育下一代尊重欣賞不同職業;除了要指導學生了解基本勞動相關法令外,還須讓他們了解如何透過團結權保障權利,解決紛爭。如此,方得適應日後勞動形態的改變,追求幸福的未來。教師本身對集體勞權的覺醒,適足以影響下一代透過勞權教育的紮根與落實<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因此,在新北教產成立之初,即透過「會員勞動教育」課程之辦理,全面性地進行會員勞動意識的教育;並開始嘗試行使勞資爭議處理法中的「調解」、「裁決」機制,在現在申訴制度之外,嘗試協助會員解決發生於學校端之爭議情況。如「私校年終獎金雇主的任意減發」、「薪資發放遲延」、「雇主不當要求教保員加班」、「學校對會員或支會會長的不當勞動行為」、「團體協約之拒絕協商」、「工會會費代扣」…,透過一次又一次的協助,會員也開始理解,學校的爭議現象,其實工會可以透過現有的法制,協助會員獲得更好的解決。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此外,本會亦協助新北市勞工局編纂高中職勞動權益課程教材,並配合勞工局的規劃,全力推動勞權師資培育,也積極深化會員勞權意識的提升。勞工局這套教材,從認識個人勞權開始,並進而擴及集體勞動權益的理解,不只讓高中職學子對勞動權益有一定的了解,也為未來進入職場工作有一定的準備與協助之功效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">經過教師工會過去十年的努力,就現階段而言,不論加入或不加入工會的教師,應該可以理解到,透過勞動三權的實踐,確實能較全面性地協助教師解決學校現場面對到的紛爭與爭議,並進而建立更穩定的工作環境;也透過實踐勞動三權的過程,更能務實地看待教師工會的運作方式及體認勞權課程,對於學生未來的影響及對社會穩定的幫助。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">二、</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">勞動三權的實踐奮鬥<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我國勞工集體權利之保障,主要規定在工會法、團體協約法、勞資爭議處理法,<span lang="EN-US">100</span>年工會法修正時,就團體協約法及勞資爭議處理法,亦同時做了相關的修正。此三法,實係實施團結權、協商權、爭議權所謂勞動三權的法律依據。就勞動三權間的關係來說,其本身只是確保勞工生存之基本手段,而非目的<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。關於團結權、協商權及爭議權,團結權係最根源之基本權,而協商權對於其他兩者則具有目的與手段之關係。團結權既為根源之權利,若無勞工團結之前提,協商權與爭議權均無法實現<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。由保障團結權之目的觀之,實際上亦須一併保障協商權及爭議權;蓋組織工會之主要目的係在於締結團體約,所以必須賦予工會進行團體協商之權利,又為確保協商得以進行且終能達成一定的協議,必須賦予工會必要時有進行爭議之實力,以免雇主任意拒絕協商<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">對教師工會來說,<span lang="EN-US">100</span>年工會法的修正,讓我國勞動三法權的修正,開啟了勞動三權實踐的契機;教師得以集體力量實現團體協商或進行爭議行為的空間,也有一定程度的放寬。工會法第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>條即規定:「為促進勞工團結,提升勞工地位及改善勞工生活,特制定本法。」同法第<span lang="EN-US">4</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">3</span>項規定:「教師得依本法組織及加入工會。」;亦即,教師組織及加入工會,本身不是目的,透過工會團體結而改善工作條件及教師地位,才是組織工會之目的;而提升工作條件的策略,即是透過集體談判的方式,將達成之協議形諸書面文字,讓勞資雙方共同遵守。進一步而言,若不透過集體協商來爭取工作條件的提升,則爭取團結權就沒有意義。因之,教師組織工會後,全面進行集體協商之推動,以求建立勞資自治的校園及教育環境,才是追求集體勞動權實踐之正道。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師工會成立後,大幅帶動團體協約簽署的數量成長,及協商經驗推動,是教師工會貸給勞權發展的重大意義與貢獻。而團體協約之進行或得否進行乃在於要求勞資雙方,應本誠信原則進行協商,相較於教師法中賦與教師會協商的任務而非權利,並未課予勞雇雙方協商成敗之責,團體協約法確實是給予教育現場的勞資關係新的挑戰與機會。團體協法第<span lang="EN-US">6</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項即規定:「勞資雙方應本誠實信用原則,進行團體協約之協商;對於他方所提團體協約之協商,無正當理由者,不得拒絕。」而勞資爭議處理法第<span lang="EN-US">51</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項、第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項規定:「基於工會法第三十五條第一項及團體協約法第六條第一項規定所為之裁決申請,其程序準用第三十九條、第四十條、第四十一條第一項、第四十三條至第四十七條規定。前項處分並得令當事人為一定之行為或不行為。」同法第<span lang="EN-US">53</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項規定:「雇主、雇主團體經中央主管機關裁決認定違反工會法第三十五條、團體協約法第六條第一項規定者,工會得依本法為爭議行為。」換言之,就雙方違反誠信協商原則時,得應用勞資爭議法中的「裁決」制度,當確認違反誠信協商時,得課予違反者為一定之行為或不行為,以求落實誠實協商之可行性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">團體協約自治制度之產生,在修正個別勞動契約上因契約自由原則,及以供給與需求所形成之市場制度或市場經濟法則所產生之流弊;團體協約以其具強制力之規範性的效力,取代了或修正了個別勞動契約,以矯正具體的地位不平等<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。透過團體協約自治,對於勞資雙方的勞動條件有所規範,國家及主管機關不必事事介入,它是一種以民主取代對抗,協助建立及解決勞資問題的一種架構。理想而言,就以強調教師專業自主及學校本位自治的教育現場,應為合理及適當的運作機制。為此,本會自民國<span lang="EN-US">102</span>年起,即透過勞動教育、專題講座、快訊系統、會訊專文,全面性地引入並推廣會員對團體協約精神及運作的認識,並積極培養團協人才,厚植團協運作的能量及實力。自<span lang="EN-US">103</span>年起即全面推動全市<span lang="EN-US">20</span>餘所公私立學校之團體協商,及至三年後終於誕生本市第一份教育團協,並接續完成<span lang="EN-US">10</span>所以上學校會員與學校團體協約;當然,這幾年間也依照團體協約法之規定,向新北市政府教育局展開團體協約協商<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,而此份團體協約將全面性地建立全市公立學校有秩序地進行工作條件、經濟條件、專業條件、人事條件的運作原則,也有助於落實團結權,避免非會員者搭便車,而侵蝕教師工會之團結核心,也期待與教育局的團體協約能儘早開花結果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">另一方面,勞資爭議係團體協約自治不可分割的組成部份,若無此一勞資爭議所形成之壓力,則鑑於國家必須保持中立,雇主將可以隨意拒絕團體協約,而從每一團體協約效果中脫身<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。亦即,團體協約困境在所難免,為解決協商僵局,依勞資爭議處理法提起爭議解決之方式,將有助於勞資雙方,重新尋找適當溝通協調之方式,本會在<span lang="EN-US">103</span>年至<span lang="EN-US">106</span>年期間,就雇主違反誠信協商而申請勞動部裁決之頻率甚高,但確實有助於學校逐漸理解勞動三法之規範內容,也有助於之後團體協約協商之進行,也終能達成前述團體協約之初步成果。透過團協協商之進行,搭配爭議方式之運作,團體協約協商整個的運作歷程及成果,對於當事學校及全體會員夥伴,都有一定程度的理解與認同,理解集體行動及協商以建構對等和諧教育環境的必要性,也理解「為協商而協商」或「為爭議而爭議」都不是團結運作的正道,為解決問題建構理想溝通情境,才是勞動三權運作的積極目的。
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">做為一個實踐勞動三權而開啟工會運作的本會而言,我相信未來十年必然更能團結基層實力,而發展出壯大協商實力的工會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">三、</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">專業維權的協力運作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在現行法制規範下,教師會為依教師法所成立之「教師組織」;教師工會則為教師依工會法組織或加入之工會,其型態有「產業工會」、「職業工會」。教師組織在性質上應該較接近專門職業團體之定位,教師理應組成「教師公會」,並落實而有「強制入會」、「專門職業人員之自律」、「參與專門職業人員之懲戒」、「協調及增進共同利益」等功能<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>;然,我國《教師法》卻僅給予教師自由參加教師會<span lang="EN-US">(</span>教師組織<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的權利,並賦予教師組織「任務」 而非權利。就法制面,現階段教師會專業運作之方式,多透過學校「校務參與」、「校長遴選」、「地方教育事務之審議工作」、「教師申訴案件的處理」、「聘約準則的協議」、「教育經費的審議」……,而就教師專業成長,則多透過教師組織中專業自主推動來進行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">若就一個專業職業團體而言,「專業化」及「勞動條件」之功能,並非全然不相容及衝突。勞動者是就其職業上聘僱關係之性質來立論,而專門職業人員則是就其職業工作內容之性質,及從事此工作者之特性來界定,因此並非截然的區分<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。緣此,如同教師會一般,新北教產身為教師工會的角色,在全力實踐勞動三權的同時,念茲在茲的就是同時優化教師工作條件,並推動教師專業成長。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因之,新北教產成立的這十年來,即致力於辦理各項專業講座,提供會員夥伴各類之專業研習,以求滿足任職於不同學習階段的會員夥伴的各類研習需求,並落實推動食農教育、環境教育,以透過會員在職教育進而影響廣大學子,激發環境保護的意識。此外,並與新北市教師會共同推動各個自主學習團體<span lang="EN-US">—</span>基地班,發行教育刊物,討論及分享各類教育專業及政策,及透過參與新北市教育局各項教育政策諮詢等工作,來展現本會之專業性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此外,為反映第一線教師對各項教育政策的理解與建議,以利組織積極參與教育決策之效果,本會按學習階段別,分別成立了大專、高中職、國中、國小、幼教委員會,也因應特殊教育之特殊性及跨學習階段別的需求,設立特教委員會,相關委員會之運作類似政策研究之輔助單位,期能掌握政策脈動,提供現場視野,以利教育決策之專業影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">新北市教師會、新北市教育人員產業工會長期以來,與基層教育工作者在專業成長的路上向前邁進;身為一位基層教育工作者,我們深知教學工作絕非只是知識的傳授,而是不停地在專業路上成長,我們不斷地找尋教材、教法的多元風貌,以求觸發學生的多元智能;但我們也不自限於教學的技術提升;我們更重視友善互動的師生關係,因為我們深知教育工作最可貴之處,即是我們面對的是亟待啟發的心靈主體,教育工作就是人的再造工程;透過良好友善的師生關係,才能讓我們提供學生適切的引導及方向,其目的是在於讓學生能透過自我省察,做自己的主人,能體驗生命之真諦,並透過教育的過程,放大其生命的能量。因此,每一年度兩會推動辦理<span lang="EN-US">SUPER</span>教師遴選,讓第一線教師的教學成果,得有機會分享給同儕夥伴,而不可否認的是,透過每一年度<span lang="EN-US">SUPER</span>教師的遴選,確實給基層優秀教師有一個分享的平台,也形塑了不同的教師圖像,相信未來有更多的會員夥伴,都能成為學生心中的<span lang="EN-US">SUPER</span>老師。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">除此之外,為確保會員專業生涯及權利不受影響,本會成立了訴訟基金,協助會員因應各項面對教育現場的可能訴訟,提供必要的支援;也因此聘任專業的法務人員,成立法律諮詢的服務,不只做教育現場法律問題的支援,也提供會員工作場所以外的相關諮詢服務。另一方面,也成立互助基金,一方面提供會員各項慰助金及祝賀金,陪伴會員共度人生重要歷程或挑戰;另一方面,互助基金配搭現行的公共意外責任險,提供會員於第一線發生校安事件有需求時,讓法務人員能進入現場提供最即時的服務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">四、</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">內部運作的民主化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm 0cm 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">工會團結體之目的在於維謢及促進勞動條件與經濟條件為主要目的,首先必須理解的是其與結社權不同,而與勞動條件之變更有密切的相關。工會法第<span lang="EN-US">5</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項:「工會之任務如下:一、團體協約之締結、修改或廢止。」同法第<span lang="EN-US">26</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項第<span lang="EN-US">10</span>款:「下列事項應經會員大會或會員代表大會之議決:十、集體勞動條件之維持或變更。」團體協約法第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>款:「第<span lang="EN-US"> 8 </span>條工會或雇主團體以其團體名義進行團體協約之協商時,其協商代表應依下列方式之一產生:二、依其會員大會或會員代表大會之決議。」由此可知,工會之目標在促進勞工團結、提升勞工地位與改善勞工生活<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。故為達到此項前提,工會必須維持其「自主性」、「純粹性」、「明確團體利益意識」、「民主原則」<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">工會法第<span lang="EN-US">28</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項、第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項規定:「工會經費來源如下:一、入會費。二、經常會費。三、基金及其孳息。四、舉辦事業之利益。五、委託收入。六、捐款。七、政府補助。八、其他收入<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。前項入會費,每人不得低於其入會時之一日工資所得。經常會費不得低於該會員當月工資之百分之零點五。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項<span lang="EN-US">)</span>」其中第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項之立法理由指明:「第二項有關工會之入會費及經常會費之收繳數額,原條文採上限規定,考量會費收費金額多寡除應由會員共同決定外,亦須符合會務自主化及實際需求,為避免財源無以為繼造成會務難以推展,爰改以收取下限方式規範之。」依此可知,工會之會費訂定基本之下限,乃在維持工會在財務上得獨立自主,而不違反工會的自主性。而工會法第<span lang="EN-US">14</span>條則規定:「代表雇主行使管理權之主管人員,不得加入該企業之工會。但工會章程另有規定者,不在此限。」則在限制代表雇主行使管理權之主管人員加入工會,以維持工會成員之同質性,此即工會之純粹性維持。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而工會法第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>條之規定:「為促進勞工團結,提升勞工地位及改善勞工生活,特制定本法。」即在確認工會最重要的任務為勞動條件之促進及勞工經濟向上提升。而工會之運作,為確保內部民主性,工會法對工會之會員代表產生、工會理監事名額及職權、任期,責任均有相關之規範<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>;而對工會之決議則須合乎民主化之要求<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,因此,對會員大會或會員代表大會之議決有相關之法律規定<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">足見,工會法相當關心工會會務之運作是否符合民主原則,而為貫徹會務民主原則,採取工會會務自治<span lang="EN-US">(</span>即制定章程<span lang="EN-US">)</span>及行政監督等兩種方式落實<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a>。而工會內部意見形成程序必須符合民主化要求,透過民主化程序,使所有會員意志成為工會本身之意志,此意志並得拘束工會幹部時,始有真正之工會自治可言<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。然而,雖有章程自治原則及民主運作規範之基本要求,工會為達真正民主性,仍須實際上透過「制度化」運作架構之推動,避免少數工會主事者長期把持會務,將會務連繫重在內部連帶關係之建立,而規避正常制度運作下的監督,進而阻礙了內部民主運作,而有違工會之公益性<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因此,新北教產至少透過近三年的努力及調整,以「明確化會員權利義務」、「擴大會員參與機制」、「保障少數學習階段及性別平衡」<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>為方向,調整章程相關內容;並確實依工會法之精神及相關章程規範,區分「理事長」、「理事會」、「會員代表大會」之權責,進行相關運作及決議。以制度化機制之建立,整合大專、高中、國中、國小、幼兒、特教不同的夥伴的能量,期使組織能透過對各項議題之關注及共同參與,壯大組織運作能量,並建構內部民主化運作,以利工會人才銜接,為組織運作力量提供最堅實的基礎。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">結語<span lang="EN-US">—</span>團結力量大<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">工會運作,強調實力原則,因之,每一個支持並加入工會的會員夥伴,皆為組織力量之重要來源;本會,在會員夥伴的支持之下,走過十年,不只在會員人數方面持續成長,早已經是全國人數最多,也是唯一會員人數占新北市公立學校半數以上的教師工會;透過過去十年來的調整與發展,讓組織之運作能量多從基層而來,也能符應基層需求。因此,新北教產不只是對新北教育政策及運作產生最關鍵的影響力,亦可謂是唯一且最有實力之教師工會;也是新北市全體教師共同組成,且能互相照顧的大家庭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本會包含了不同學習階段、公私立不同的編制內教師,因此,會員間異質性甚大。此種異質元素,有助於成員彼此學習,相互觀摩,對於專業追求的維護而言,較能透過全面性的思維,發揮互補的效應,也比較不容易遺漏掉關鍵的事務;藉由異質性團體的互動,使團隊往前邁進,適應外界環境的變化,讓團體之力量發揮極致<a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>。新北教產成立已滿十年,組織持續致力於「工會意識提升」、「勞三動權實踐」、「專業維權運作」、「內部民主化」,海納不同學習階段的夥伴,相互協助。團結力量大,本會下一個十年,仍需要每一個教育現場的你我,共同持續支持!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈教師教育行政體系關係之回顧與前瞻</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師圖像的型塑與轉變〉,《教育法與教育改革》,臺北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">121-166</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">161</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「勞工均有組織及加入工會之權利。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現役軍人與國防部所屬及依法監督之軍火工業員工,不得組織工會;軍火工業之範圍,由中央主管機關會同國防部定之。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師得依本法組織及加入工會。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">各級政府機關及公立學校公務人員之結社組織,依其他法律之規定。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鄭建信(</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈淺論教師的工會認同〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">王秋絨(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈台灣、德國教師組織之比較〉,《各國教師組織與專業權發展》,臺北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">317</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">316</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">162</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈從教師法律地位看教師團體之性質與功能〉,《教育法與教育改革》,臺北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">99-120</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">116</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鄭建信(</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈從「禁止搭便車」談「勞動意識的建立與教育」〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊通軒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《集體勞工法理論與實務</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">45</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊通軒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《集體勞工法理論與實務</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">233</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊通軒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《集體勞工法理論與實務</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">234-235</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊通軒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《集體勞工法理論與實務</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">142</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">團體協約法第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">款:「依前項所定有協商資格之勞方,指下列工會:二、會員受僱於協商他方之人數,逾其所僱用勞工人數二分之一之產業工會。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">楊通軒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《集體勞工法理論與實務</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">236</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈從教師法律地位看教師團體之性質與功能〉,《教育法與教育改革》,第一版,臺北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">99-120</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">114-115</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈教師與教育行政體系關係之回與前瞻—教師圖像的型塑與轉變〉,《教育法與教育改革》,臺北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">121-166</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">165</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">黃越欽(</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《勞動法新論》,臺北,翰蘆,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">411</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">黃越欽(</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《勞動法新論》,臺北,翰蘆,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">411-412</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「工會應置理事及監事,其名額如下:一、工會會員人數五百人以下者,置理事五人至九人;其會員人數超過五百人者,每逾五百人得增置理事二人,理事名額最多不得超過二十七人。二、工會聯合組織之理事不得超過五十一人。三、工會之監事不得超過該工會理事名額三分之一。前項各款理事、監事名額在三人以上時,得按其章程規定推選常務理事、常務監事;其名額不得超過理事、監事名額三分之一。工會得置候補理事、候補監事;其名額不得超過該工會理事、監事名額二分之一。工會應置理事長一人,對外代表工會,並得視業務需要置副理事長。理事長、副理事長應具理事身分。工會監事名額在三人以上者,應設監事會,置監事會召集人一人。監事會召集人執行監事會決議,並列席理事會。」工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「會員大會或會員代表大會休會期間,由理事會處理工會一切事務。工會監事審核工會簿記帳目,稽查各種事業進行狀況及章程所定之事項,並得會同相關專業人士為之。監事之職權於設有監事會之工會,由監事會行使之。」工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「工會理事、監事、常務理事、常務監事、副理事長、理事長及監事會召集人之任期,每一任不得超過四年。理事長連選得連任一次。」工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「工會理事、監事、常務理事、常務監事、副理事長、理事長、監事會召集人及其代理人,因執行職務所致他人之損害,工會應負連帶責任。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李玉春(</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈團結權與工會</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工會之組織與會員〉,《集體勞動法》,第一版,臺北,新學林,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">105-119</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">107-108</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「下列事項應經會員大會或會員代表大會之議決:一、工會章程之修改。二、財產之處分。三、工會之聯合、合併、分立或解散。四、會員代表、理事、監事、常務理事、常務監事、副理事長、理事長、監事會召集人之選任、解任及停權之規定。五、會員之停權及除名之規定。六、工會各項經費收繳數額、經費之收支預算、支配基準與支付及稽核方</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法。七、事業報告及收支決算之承認。八、基金之運用及處分。九、會內公共事業之創辦。十、集體勞動條件之維持或變更。十一、其他與會員權利義務有關之重大事項。前項第四款之規定經議決訂定者,不受人民團體法及其相關法令之限制。會員之停權或除名,於會員大會或會員代表大會議決前,應給予其陳述意見之機會。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">劉志鵬(</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈團結權與工會—工會之概念、種類與要件〉,《集體勞動法》,第一版,臺北,新學林,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">95-104</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">104</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">劉志鵬(</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈團結權與工會—工會之概念、種類與要件〉,《集體勞動法》,第一版,臺北,新學林,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">95-104</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">104</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/axinl/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/80-%E6%88%91%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%B8%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%81%B4%E8%A8%98-%E9%84%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%A1.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鄭建信(</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈淬勵自省團結為教育專業持續發聲〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-78342601057126134662019-07-10T19:18:00.003-07:002019-07-10T19:18:53.297-07:00「教評會」未兼任行政教師不低於二分之一 是維持教師專業自主的最低要求<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">行政院</span><span lang="EN-US">108</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法修法版本,針對教評會出手,草案規劃未來教評會委員應增邀校外學者專家,使未兼行政或董事的教師人數少於委員總額</span><span lang="EN-US">1/2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;換言之,實質審議教師解聘、停聘、不續聘時,未兼任行政教師比率將降低到</span><span lang="EN-US">1/2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下。然而,不適任教師處理的關鍵,往往在於不適任教師處理的啟動與否,而非在教評會的成員比例;而教評會中未兼任行政教師不低於二分之一是維持教師專業的最低要求,是維持教評會專業性的制度性設計,修法限制未兼任行政教師之比例必須低於二分之一,勢將裂解教評會之專業地位與價值。本文嘗試以教評會之專業實踐為中心,分別從教評會之組成、制度性維護、專業判斷需求等面向進行分析,直陳教評會須維持未兼任行政教師不得低於二分之一之正當性與必要性,茲分述如下。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會在多元規訓的功能下仍應堅守專業制度的維護</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會審議教師之聘任、解聘、停聘、不續聘、資遣、升等等事項,究其功能及目的,係在維持受聘教師之專業水準</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。就中小學教評會的組織而言,其成員包含校長、家長會代表、教師會代表及選舉產生的教師代表</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。「校長」為學校行政管理者的指揮監督者,「家長代表」則是學生代理人及維護學生學習權之參與者;而在學校有教師會時方有教師會代表,做為教師專業組織之代表;其餘委員,則主要係透過選舉產生之教師代表。因此,教評會對教師之評議係納入行政、家長及教師的多元觀點,其對教師工作權之評議,實質上即具有多元規訓之功能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會之組成概以教師為主體,係因對教師專業之判斷,應由做為專門職業人員的教師進行審查,以期教師之專業資格、標準及教師行為規範能符合教師專業自主的期待。然而,我國教師兼任行政工作有公務人員服務法之適用,屬官對於長官有服從之義務</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,兼任行政職務之教師就其擔任教師評審委員之角色而言,實難認定有獨立行使教評會委員職權之可能,因此教師法中乃規定「<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">未兼任行政教師不得少於教評會委員二分之一</b>」,避免教評會落入行政實質掌握,以維護教評會的專業自主性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會進行專業審查為制度保障的必要設計</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由於教師教學的對象是學生,教學活動具有高度屬人性;為了確保教育的自主性與專門性,使得學生能獲得自我實現之機會,而賦予教師一定程度的教學自由與自主空間。教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定,教師的專業自主權應予尊重</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;教師所擁有的專業自主空間,代表教師基於專業知識、技能,從事與教學有關的工作或專業判斷時,可以不受外來的干擾,做出自主負責的決定,以維護學生之學習權、受教權、身體自主權及人格發展權,完成教學任務與教育使命;教師法就學校對教師予以解聘、停聘或不續聘相關事由之規定,採取負面表列方式,其目的即在保障教師之工作權與講學自由,限制學校任意行使終止聘任契約,並非賦予學校監督之行使,亦非得容許學校基於單方意思優越之地位,以單方行為即可形成、變更或消滅其與教師間之法律關係</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">申言之,為維護教師專業自主權,乃透過制度性的運作以達到教師工作權的保障;「教評會對教師之聘任、解聘、不續聘及升等…之評議,係對教師權利有重大影響之決定,受評審之教師於用盡行政救濟途徑後,仍有不服者,自得依法提起行政訴訟</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。司法院釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">462</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號即指出:「各大學校、院、系(所)教師評審委員會關於教師升等評審之權限,係屬法律在特定範圍內授予公權力之行使,其對教師升等通過與否之決定,與教育部學術審議委員會對教師升等資格所為之最後審定,於教師之資格等身分上之權益有重大影響,均應為訴願法及行政訴訟法上之行政處分</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">462</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文指出:「各大學校、院、系(所)教師評審委員會關於教師升等評審之權限,係屬法律在特定範圍內授予公權力之行使……。教師升等資格評審程序既為維持學術研究與教學之品質所設,其決定之作成應基於客觀專業知識與學術成就之考量,此亦為憲法保障學術自由真諦之所在。故各大學校、院、系(所)教師評審委員會,本於專業評量之原則,應選任各該專業領域具有充分專業能力之學者專家先行審查,將其結果報請教師評審委員會評議。教師評審委員會除能提出具有專業學術依據之具體理由,動搖該專業審查之可信度與正確性,否則即應尊重其判斷</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">綜上,依照大學法及教師法成立之教評會,其就教師專業自主及學術自由之維護,係以專門知識採取評價之態度,依法律之正當程序,在組織適法的前提下,對教師之教學進行高度屬人性、專業性、經驗性之專業判斷,教評會關於教師聘任、解聘、停聘、不續聘、升等之權限,應係屬在法律授權範圍內「行使公權力」。教評會為維持其專業職業人員之專業審查特性,以多數教師為主體之組成,應為一種制度保障的設計。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會的審查應符合高度專業判斷要求</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「教師有前項第十二款至第十四款規定情事之一者,應經教師評審委員會委員三分之二以上出席及出席委員三分之二以上之審議通過;其有第十三款規定之情事,經教師評審委員會議決解聘或不續聘者,除情節重大者外,應併審酌案件情節,議決一年至四年不得聘任為教師,並報主管教育行政機關核准。」教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項略以:「教師聘任後除有下列各款之一者外,不得解聘、停聘或不續聘,十二、體罰或霸凌學生,造成其身心嚴重侵害。十三、行為違反相關法令,經有關機關查證屬實。十四、教學不力或不能勝任工作有具體事實;或違反聘約情節重大。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">702</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋理由書略以:「教師法第十四條第一項第六款規定:『教師聘任後除有下列各款之一者外,不得解聘、停聘或不續聘:……六、行為不檢有損師道,經有關機關查證屬實。』其以『行為不檢有損師道,經有關機關查證屬實」為解聘、停聘或不續聘之構成要件,係因行為人嚴重違反為人師表之倫理規範,致已不宜繼續擔任教職。惟法律就其具體內涵尚無從鉅細靡遺詳加規定,乃以不確定法律概念加以表述,而其涵義於個案中尚非不能經由適當組成、立場公正之機構,例如各級學校之教師評審委員會,依其專業知識及社會通念加以認定及判斷;而教師亦可藉由其養成教育及有關教師行為標準之各種法律、規約(教師法第十七條、公立高級中等以下學校教師成績考核辦法、全國教師自律公約等參照),預見何種作為或不作為將構成行為不檢有損師道之要件</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。』</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">顯見,教師達到不解聘、停聘、不續聘等要件,係由教評會作為一個公正判斷的機關,進行其專業判斷,最高行政法院</span><span lang="EN-US">104</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年度判字第</span><span lang="EN-US">99</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號判決即指出:「教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">款『教學不力或不能勝任工作,有具體事實或違反聘約情節重大』之規定,涉及具體事實情節之認定及不確定法律概念之解釋,為保障教師權益,教師法將此認定權限委由不同成員組成之教評會以決議方式為之,教評會及其委員職權行使或判斷餘地之權限,具有高度專業性及屬人性,除非其行使職權有重大瑕疵、未充分斟酌相關事證、或以無關聯之因素為考量,或判斷係基於不正確之事證外,法院對於教評會作成之裁量判斷應予尊重</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺北高等行政法院</span><span lang="EN-US">95</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年度訴字第</span><span lang="EN-US">4493</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號判決亦指出:「有關教師是否有行為不檢有損師道而構成解聘、停聘、不續聘…等情事,教師法委之於教評會決定,教評會對此之決定,乃屬教評會及其委員職權行使或判斷餘地之權限,具有高度專業性及屬人性,除非其行使職權或為判斷餘地之際,有重大瑕疵、未充分斟酌相關事證,或以無關聯之因素為考量,或者判斷係基於不正確之事實關係等情形外,其決定自應予尊重。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">足見法院實務認為學校教評會,是一個具有高度專業性的組織,是否「教學不力或不能勝任工作」,及有無「行為不檢有損師道,經有關機關查證屬實」之事實存在,教師法是交由教評會認定,而且基於各級教評會均為學校所屬相關人員組成,所為之調查更貼近事實,對受評議人之平日言行亦較為了解。若該委員會的成員越專業,組成愈具代表性,則行政法院多半會尊重,也必須尊重此一委員會的裁決與價值判斷。現行各級學校之教評會之組成均以同儕評審為主,其具有一定專業審查性,各級行政法院能有尊重其專業判斷的權威性,一旦教評會之組織不再以未兼任行政教師為主體,其高度專業判斷之權威性自亦不復存在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">質言之,亦即教評會必須在能依教師職業之特性,就教師之行為進行專業之判斷,而其組織成員必須以未兼任行政教師之人數為主體,方得具有能進行專業判斷之組織正當性;進而才能針對教師依其客觀價值及職業倫理,就受規範者之行為進行實質上的專業判斷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">結語</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教評會必須為適當組成、立場公正之機關,能依其專業知識及社會通念,加以認定及判斷受規範教師所得預見之客觀價值及職業倫理</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。事實上,對專業期待愈高之職業類別,愈對其專業倫理自治性有更高的要求,因此,教師的表現是否符合教師倫理規範或是教師專業之標準,應交由以教師為主體的組織或機關進行專業判斷。而教評會就其負有維護學生權益及教師專業自主的功能而言,教評會之組成應包含學生家長、專業人員。然而,為維持教師專業自主運作的可能性,教評會委員仍應以未兼任行政教師為主體。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依上,教評會若就其專業評價性而言,應該堅守專業原則,在符合制度性保障的原則下,做出專業之判斷。教評會之審議應該以專業審查為重點,為達成專業審查目的,未兼任行政教師代表比例有不得低於二分之一的要求,其實只是對專業性維持的最低要求。若以加速處理不適任教師為理由,而改變此制度性維持的比例,未免輕重失衡,學校行政在沒有節制的情形下極易濫權咨意,同時,教評會對教師行為是否符合專業之判斷,難謂無易生羅織之弊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定:「高級中等以下學校教師之聘任,分初聘、續聘及長期聘任,除依師資培育法第十三條第二項或第二十條規定分發者外,應經教師評審委員會審查通過後由校長聘任之。前項教師評審委員會之組成,應包含教師代表、學校行政人員代表及家長會代表一人。其中未兼行政或董事之教師代表不得少於總額二分之一;其設置辦法,由教育部定之。專科以上學校教師之聘任分別依大學法及專科學校法之規定辦理。」大學法第</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定略以:「大學教師之聘任、升等、停聘、解聘、不續聘及資遣原因之認定等事項,應經教師評審委員會審議。學校教師評審委員會之分級、組成方式及運作規定,經校務會議審議通過後實施。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高級中等以下學校教師評審委員會設置辦法第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定略以:「本會置委員五人至十九人,其組成方式如下:一、當然委員:包括校長、家長會代表、教師會代表各一人。校長因故出</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">缺時,以代理校長為當然委員;學校尚未成立教師會者,不置教師會代表。二、選舉委員:由全體教師選</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">推</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">舉之</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。本會委員中未兼行政或董事之教師不得少於委員總額之二分之一。但教師之員額少於委員總額之二分之一者,不在此限。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">308</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文略以:「公立學校聘任之教師不屬於公務員服務法第二十四條所稱之公務員。惟兼任學校行政職務之教師,就其兼任之行政職務,則有公務員服務法之適用。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項:「教育人員之工作、待遇及進修等權利義務,應以法律定之,教師之專業自主應予尊重。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">葉百修大法官提出《釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 702 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋部分不同意見書》,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">司法院院台大二字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10010021500 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號公布本院大法官議決釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 702</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋附釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 702</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋抄本,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">62</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">462</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">462</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">462</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳新民大法官提出《釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 702 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋不同意見書》,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">司法院院台大二字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10010021500 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號公布本院大法官議決釋字第</span> <span lang="EN-US">702</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋附釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 702</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋抄本,頁</span> <span lang="EN-US">71</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,臺北高等行政法院</span><span lang="EN-US">95</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年度訴字第</span><span lang="EN-US">4493</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號判決。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/62-%E6%95%99%E8%A9%95%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7(0429).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李仁淼(</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《教育法與教育人權》,初版,臺北,元照,頁</span> <span lang="EN-US">219</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">219</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-1570398768280546322019-07-10T19:17:00.002-07:002019-07-10T19:17:48.368-07:00從年金改革之困境體認教師必須理性團結共同合作<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面對年金改革的荒謬困境</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">退撫基金的設置及運作,須以維持財務運作正常、讓人人都能公平分享退撫資源的公平運作,才能彰顯其符合世代正義的基本價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">軍公教年金制度應否改革?如何改革?十幾年前就有人在討論,甚至軍公教族群中也不乏有識之士,洞察結構性問題所在,並提出切中時弊、有益世代共榮的改革建議。然而,此次年金改革,在缺乏社會不同族群間相互理解的對話基礎下,執政黨挾其在國會的人數優勢,以全民政府之姿,化身成為年金制度走向之仲裁者,將過去退撫缺口直接轉嫁給受僱者,逸脫政府責任</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,空洞化政府的雇主角色,導致基層軍公教</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">普遍不能接受,甚至頗多怨言。進而言之,在制度性保障的前提下,政府透過法律修改方式,變更原來的給付方式,不論是已退者依照原處分之給付請求權,抑或是未退者依法律所為之期待權,基本上仍應受憲法上財產權及服公職權利之雙重保障。因之,教師以「法律不溯既往」、「比例原則」等主張法律違憲,提起行政救濟進而要求釋憲,基本上就是可以想像之必然現象。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一個有為的政府,當然應該善盡雇主責任,同時也有盱衡國家財政的管理高度與義務。但另一方面,退撫基金已於</span><span lang="EN-US">103</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始收支逆轉,並預估將於</span><span lang="EN-US">117</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年歸零的殘酷現實狀況,是政府</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雇主</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與每一位教師</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">受僱者</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">必須共同面對的議題。唯有受僱者團結、理性的面對問題,才能創造出與社會的對話空間。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">究實而論,由於對於公法上請求權立場堅持程度有別,已退者及未退者在對於年金的請求權及期待權程度不同,此為年金改革的矛盾一也;再者,社會本為不同職業類別共同存在的集合體,不同的退撫制度,本來就是維持社會整體運作的必要存在</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,也合於憲法上的平等原則</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,緣於不同族群間年金制度的現況差異,對於年改立場也就有立論基礎上的本質性差異,此為年金改革的矛盾之二。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">未能與社會群眾對話</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面對教師工作的特殊性,我們必須理解,學校雖然屬於社會的一部,然而,社會普羅大眾對學校與教育環境的理解,實際上有其差距;而教師內部對社會議題的認識,及對社會中其他族群的理解,極可能也存在相當大的落差,甚或是對立;這是事實狀況,我們必須了解,不能視而不見,甚至一廂情願地認為別人就該支持我,或不應反對我。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雇主與受僱者基於勞動契約,雙方互負忠實義務,亦即雇主對於勞動者有照顧扶助的義務,而勞動者對雇主也有忠誠義務,這種互相負有忠實義務者之關係便成為共同關係,不會因為在公、私部門而有差異。但對於政府做為雇主角色的給付責任,對於廣大納稅人而言,其思考與判斷之關鍵,看的是政府的給付責任是否會增加其一般民眾的過多負擔,而進一步造成相對侵益性</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,而不單只是有無法律規範或依據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此次年金改革的重點,除取消優惠存款、提高月退休金給付起支年齡外,改變的最大的是增加所得替代率限制、改採平均俸額為基數。進而言之,以所得替代率為天花板限制,嚴重違反了「如何繳、如何領」的基本退撫運作原理;改以</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年平均俸額取代「最終俸額」的做法,違背了對軍公教師照顧養老、人性尊嚴維護基本原則,相關變革,再再打擊軍公教的士氣。這些都是主導改革者,應該深思熟慮、謹判慎行的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然,政府以「國家財政及退撫基金不堪負擔」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、「國家資源分配不均」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為主張,社會多數民眾對於年改之支持度亦相對較高;軍、公、教群眾不是沒有透過個別或集體的力量,反對政府的主張,但在沒有清楚的論述及針對改革具體調整的狀況下,遊走街頭,單以「法律不溯既往」、「信賴保護維持」為主張,事實上,造成教師之形象更形狼藉,更加速年改進行,造成法案的過度修正。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">何以致之?若用更民粹的說法論述,即是,「人民才是老板,政府只是管理層,老板必須精明,公司才會進步與發展</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」對於公部門的受僱者而言,政府是其雇主無誤,然,一般民意認為,真正實質的雇主是廣大的社會人民。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此,如何面對年金政策,就現行法的規範進行思維,也不得不考量法律的規範性,必須在與社會整體氛圍衡平控制的狀況採取行動;也唯有在考量事實前提的狀況下,公部門的受僱者與政府間受僱關係下,衍生的憲法保障的財產權才能受到保障。這正是組織,必須以真誠態度,也毫不隱暪地告訴會員,年金制度改革的應然與實然。組織也透過內部會議決議,不以政府承擔給付之責做為行動綱領,而是希望透過基金獨立,在能與社會對話的狀況下,採取年改政策的主張與行動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世代間的立場差異未能拉近</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「現行公務人員退撫制度的退撫給與準備機制,仍採部分提存準備機制(</span><span lang="EN-US">Partially Funded System</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),加上長期採取「不足額提撥」的儲存政策,致在持續累積的效應下,未來年輕公務人員恐必須背負極為沉重的債務</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」自退撫基金成立以來,歷年都有不足額提撥,政府做為雇主當然必須負最主要責任;但,如果不面對過去不足額提撥缺口,等於是要現在在職的年輕受僱者,承擔過去的累積負擔,這是相對不公平的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">基金提撥與給付已於</span><span lang="EN-US">103</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始收支逆轉,在可見的未來,退撫基金將會歸零,恐怕所有的人都會面臨無法領取的事實狀況,若不進行退撫制度的調整,必然導致將基金維繫的責任轉嫁給年輕世代。就此而言,制度變革,希望不同世代間共同承擔,是我們不同世代的「基金水庫共享者」,不得不面對的重要課題,但這絕對不是否定已退者對國家社會或在其工作崗位上的努力。我們必須理解,現在年金的給付水準,其實是靠不同世代間來共同成就的,但共同成就的結果,也必須確保讓所有世代都能共享,如此才符合「世代共榮、公平正義」的退撫基金設計的原始用意。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此,全教總提出的訴求是:雇主與受僱者應共同補繳,以領有多少新制年資,在領退休金時就應補繳多少年資。也就是基金不足額提撥缺口,政府有責,不能全由在職者承受。為挽救退撫基金,藍綠政府歷年來祭出的改革方針都是要在職者「多繳、少領、晚退」方案,受傷最慘重的都是年輕世代的教師。全教總要求政府維持信賴保護原則,要求給付不打折,但雇主與受僱者雙方都要補繳。受僱者補繳</span><span lang="EN-US">35%(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">補繳金額於領取之退休金中按月扣繳,不用額外付出</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,雇主也要相對補繳</span><span lang="EN-US">65%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,所有補繳金額則挹注基金,以改善基金財務狀況,讓所有世代的教師都能領到退休金。長期的不足額提撥,毀壞基金世代互助的精神與內涵,也唯有在世代共同承擔的基礎上,與政府共同足額提撥,維繫永續的基金,才能真正發揮世代互助的退撫設計原理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">進而言之,世代互助不宜單獨解讀為一代養一代。制度不改革,基金無法永續,本身就是一個不公平亟待處理的問題;而片面的改革,將責任轉嫁給受僱者卻也是一種不公平的樣態。因此,全教總</span><span lang="EN-US">102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年改革方案,簡言之,就針對基金提出補繳,補繳的當事人是政府與受僱者,而受僱者是包括所有在基金支付對象</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">已退者</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">及期待未來給付</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">未退者</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;因此,要求政府與所有受僱者共同承擔,而不是將給付責任單純歸責於政府必須完全承擔,卻被少數人化約成「自砍方案」,最終也沒有機會被討論,實在令人扼腕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">續上而言,面對年改制度的主張,應該要建基在維繫世代互助共榮、勞僱共同承擔的原則進行處理;雖然,這樣子的前提,會讓改革配套措施比較複雜。但,也只有在這樣的基礎上,才有可能與社會相互對話,化解世代立場,不讓政府逸脫責任。相對的,若將年改的議題,圍繞在「法律不溯既往」、「信賴保護原則」、「僱主責任」,不去面對基金破產的問題,似可簡化基金破產的客觀狀況;同時,只要單純地站在拒絕或是反對的立場,至少可匯聚反對政府枉顧雇主誠信立場者的想法與意見。但如此的簡化思維,有為教師族群爭取到與社會的對話空間嗎?正因為如此,現況即造成教師內部意見的不同</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不願意面對改革,與社會群眾對立者,被視為願意教師權力伸張;願意共同承擔,跨代互助,而提出方案者,反被視為呼應政府而自砍。其實,真正負責任的教師團體,應該要協助會員看清問題所在,更理解世代互助的深層基礎,才能夠落實世代互助的想法與實踐,協助會員教師共同面對。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">必須勇敢面對社會正義問題的討論</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育工作,本來是社會正義的最後一道防線,教育工作本來就是要成為轉化學生,讓學生能克服現有的社會不公義之狀況。軍公教年金制度屬於社會政策的一環,教師年金制度的運作,本然也就是屬於社會分配與再分配討論中的課題,不可能自外於社會制度運作的一環。教師面對年金制度改革,就不得不考量社會政策的公益性,理解會面臨社會分配正義價值的挑戰。有上述清楚的認知後,教師族群將成為能穩定社會理性、引領國家發展正向的力量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅爾斯認為正義的兩個原則,其實是社會基本財分配有關原理的落實,第一原則是對於各種的基本自由進行討論,以使這些基本自由對所有的成員做分配。第二原則是配合</span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公正的機會</span><span lang="EN-US">=</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平等,</span><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">謀求最不幸的個人之利益最大化,以調整社會基礎</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的不平等。換言之,第一原則是在社會的基本財當中,把契約當事人的需求最高的「各種基本自由」平等地加以分配;而第二原則是把所得與地位等等其他基本財做傾斜分配</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。也就是先對所有人的平等加以保障,其次是調整人們之間的社會不平等,如此方符合正義。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">退撫制度本身是涉及財產權的制度性</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的一環,這是屬於把契約當事人的需求最高的各種基本自由的平等地加以分配。一般而言,人們往往會認為自己會賺錢是因為自己的才能與努力的結果,所以,一定程度上把〈競爭的成果〉當做再分配的對象,而認為把自己所賺的錢加以獨占是合理的</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;因此,對於退撫是否改革,往往會主張依基本權原理進行的分配,即是「公平正義的」,它是不可以被挑戰或妥協的,特別是不能允許在「事後」去調整或改變。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但是,細究退撫基金的提撥與給付本質,事涉不同世代及不同職業類別的差異。基金的給付是建基於過去個人的提撥及年輕世代的持續提撥,以及公部門雇主</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政府</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的提撥,方有現存的給付水平。就世代共同承擔,已如前段所言,在此不贅述,而就政府給付責任來說,長期以來提撥不足,其實是政府不願意承擔雇主責任</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。基於公部門受僱者角色,要求政府不可逸脫責任,承擔其應有的雇主責任,本來就是受僱者角色的合理訴求。政府以財政或其它理由迴避其應有責任,斷不可讓人接受。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但也必須理解的是,政府是公部門雇主,就年金現況,依法政府負擔最後責任</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,然僅要求政府負擔最後支付責任,就必須考量到「政府」亦同時負擔「服務全體民眾」的責任及「分配社會資源」的角色。「政府」尚必須透過機制調整,讓整個國家機器的財務能夠廣泛地分配給所有人。除擔任公部門受雇者雇主的角色,「政府」對於社會財、及政府資源也有分配公平的責任。因此,教師面對攸關己身權益的年金制度改革,當然可以強烈、也應該主張基本權的制度保障,但我們卻也無法迴避,年金制度面對社會資源分配而涉及的正義原則討論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上,追求社會正義,本來、也應該是教育工作者,從事教育工作的目標與願景;勇於面對社會正義問題挑戰,緩和世代差異之間的矛盾,在與社會對話的前提下,要求政府承擔雇主角色,進而主導合宜基金的方向,做為其它基金改革示範,進而完善我國年金制度,本來也是教師應承擔的責任</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。進而言之,教師面對年改,本來就應在符合社會正義原則下,積極承擔,共同建構緩和世代差距、建立族群間相互包容,而能合理、健康運作的退休制度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">代結語</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">—</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師必須團結共塑願景</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師在這一波改革中,成為相當不快樂的一群,如何讓教師們脫困,應該是我們要積極面對的重大議題;而面對不合理的措施或政策,教師又該抱持怎麼樣的態度?這一波年金改革,應該會帶給我們一定程度的啟示。年金改革做為一個社會制度改革的一環,教師需體認本身也是受壓迫者,必須自己體認到受壓迫性,而主動透過實踐來改變;其與教師就教學現場投入,實踐教育正義的本質是一致的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,此次年改過後,教師間充滿著一種要適應現實的論述,認為教師組織的理想,可能是不切實踐的。綜觀此次年改過程,教師團體不是沒有嘗試奮鬥與努力,事實上,縱使教師對年改態度立場的分歧</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">改或不改、如何改</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,教師及教師團體的努力不可謂之不大,甚至也很多認為「憑著希望加上行動便已足夠」,但是單憑希望與行動,卻也特別容易帶來絕望與悲觀的感受。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上,所有社會改革行動,希望是對於真理與價值的轉換,它是整個鬥爭過程中的道德性質。對於真理有需求、價值能共存的希望,才能賦與社會行動的鬥爭過程有對抗的中心思想。而教師組織中心思想的建構,必然性需透過「共同體行動」,鏈結教師與教師間互動,權衡社會系統主觀性、客觀性下「期待」和「機會」的內涵,以進行該共同體的社會參與</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。當教師挑戰既有體系的不公平時,教師必須團結在一起,共同建構一個做為引導社會行動價值真理,以及禁得起檢證的策略方案,如此,帶著希望的行動,才不會成為徒勞無功的想望,而煙消雲散、喪失意義。以錯誤的方式,進行社會行動,可能只是將己投身於純粹只為發洩怨恨的徒手打鬥中,結果必然是適得其反</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,甚至比毫無作為的傷害更大。教師應該將自己視為社會工作者,理性團結、共同合作,成為引領國家正向發展的中道力量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,</span><span lang="EN-US">105</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日國家年金改革委員會會議《公務人員退休制度軍公教人員退撫基金實施現況報告資料》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">36</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,提撥繳費</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">收</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與退休給付</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">支</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">應達到平衡,基金才能永續經營,退撫新制實施初期,基金管理委員會第一次精算提撥率</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">附註</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">應該是</span><span lang="EN-US">17.9%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,但是當時只提撥</span><span lang="EN-US">8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,退休給付並未因為繳費不足而減少,以至於形成基金的缺口,而這個收支不平衡的現況,造成第二次精算時現職教師必須將提撥率提高至</span><span lang="EN-US">28.6%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">才能與給付退休金達到平衡,但是提撥率的調整比不上資金缺口的擴大(目前已調整為</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%),依據現行制度,無論您何時擔任老師,過去退休人員繳費不足所留下的「負擔」,必須由現職人員承擔,所以第四次精算,最適提撥率已經衝破</span><span lang="EN-US">40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,是現職人員無法單獨承受的負擔;又查,民國</span><span lang="EN-US"> 106 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">08</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">09 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日公立學校教職員退休資遣撫卹條例第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項、第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「第六條所定退撫基金,由教職員與政府共同按月撥繳退撫基金費用設立之,並由政府負最後支付保證責任</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。前項退撫基金費用按教職員本(年功)薪額加一倍百分之十二至百分之十八之提撥費率,按月由政府撥繳百分之六十五,教職員繳付百分之三十五</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。」;再查,民國</span><span lang="EN-US"> 106 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 08 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 09 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日公立學校教職員退休資遣撫卹條例第</span><span lang="EN-US">37</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項、第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項、第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「本條例施行前退休生效者之每月退休所得,於本條例施行後,不得超過依替代率上限計算之金額</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。前項替代率應依退休教職員審定之退休年資,照附表三所定替代率計算,任職滿十五年者,替代率為百分之四十五,其後每增加一年,替代率增給百分之一點五,最高增至三十五年,為百分之七十五。自第三十六年起,每增加一年,增給百分之零點五,最高增至四十年止。未滿一年之畸零年資,按比率計算;未滿一個月者,以一個月計</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。前項替代率之上限,依退休教職員審定之退休年資,照附表三所列各年度替代率認定</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">筆者認為:教育人員之工作性質,確實與其它職業別之受雇者不盡相同,國家為維護教育之品質,對於教育人員之任用多所規範,甚而對教育人員兼職嚴格限制。然,不能忽略之處為社會本為不同職業類別共同存在的集合體,國家法人為維持政府機制,本來就有一些不同工作須給予在職時更多的限制,而給予其應有相對保障的人員存在。如果只在乎追求形式上的平等,或是以形式上的平等為改革的主張,其影響小者,或係只是政府濫以公益原則,毀壞其與人民間之信賴保障;其真正影響的,必將是歷經數十年來,建立的文官體系、教育人員任用制度、以及國家教育體系的安定性。或言,退休金之設置,以不能從事工作以獲取退休生活之保障為目的,然而,此種說法卻忽略,退休生活的期待,直接關乎不同職業選擇之權利與保障,此為職業年金設計制度之緣由。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">596</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文略以:「憲法第七條規定,中華民國人民在法律上一律平等,其內涵並非指絕對、機械之形式上平等,而係保障人民在法律上地位之實質平等;立法機關基於憲法之價值體系及立法目的,自得斟酌規範事物性質之差異而為合理之差別對待。國家對勞工與公務人員退休生活所為之保護,方法上未盡相同;其間差異是否牴觸憲法平等原則,應就公務人員與勞工之工作性質、權利義務關係及各種保護措施為整體之觀察,未可執其一端,遽下論斷。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「行政給付的義務主體是複雜的,表面上的義務主體是政府,但因为政府並不進行生產,其對受保障者的給付能力主要取決於他對市場主體徵收的税款,因此實質的義務主體是擁有財產權的市場主體。對行政給付的强調必然要以對納税人財產自由權的限制為保障,對廣大納稅人而言,行政給付具有侵益性。」見,吕艷輝</span><span lang="EN-US">(2011)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈行政給付限度論〉,《當代法学</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雙月刊</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,第</span><span lang="EN-US">146</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">詮敘部〈公務人員退休撫卹法草案總說明〉,壹、立法背景略以:「現行公務人員退休及撫卹制度自八十四年七月一日起,退休金準備責任制度已從恩給制轉換為儲金制(以下簡稱退撫新制),並由政府與公務人員共同成立公務人員退休撫卹基金(以下簡稱退撫基金)支應退撫經費。該制度實施迄今二十一餘年來,由於客觀情境已迥異於退撫新制建制之初,以致政府對於公務人員退撫經費之籌措,日益困窘;退撫基金所需退撫財務支出亦年復一年增加。是政府基於國家整體施政優先順序之考量,不得不就公務人員退撫制度重加檢討並力謀改善。」網址:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://posman.nccu.edu.tw/files/archive/1295_9cdfcb10.pdf">https://posman.nccu.edu.tw/files/archive/1295_9cdfcb10.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,〈政府資源分配合理嗎?〉:「退撫支出占中央政府總預算</span><span lang="EN-US">7.7%(1472</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,但這</span><span lang="EN-US">1472</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億的總預算卻只用在</span><span lang="EN-US">45</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人上。」,《國家年金改革委員會</span><span lang="EN-US">QA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">及文宣》;網址:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://pension.president.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=A614253C788CD3E1&s=70F08B98FEDF056F">https://pension.president.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=A614253C788CD3E1&s=70F08B98FEDF056F</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">見,《人民才是老板》宣言-馬來西亞人民自覺宣言。網址:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://bosses.faithweb.com/main_c.html">http://bosses.faithweb.com/main_c.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「退撫基金設立初期,由於客觀條件還好,當時是以極為樂觀的政策思考來訂定退撫基金的儲存提撥率,所以提撥率是以差距</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%以上的思維,訂定出「不足額提撥」政策─當時精算的成本應是</span><span lang="EN-US"> 13.52</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%,卻決定以</span><span lang="EN-US"> 8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%繳費。以致長期累積的結果,目前不足額的提撥率已經超</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%(基金管理會提供)。」參,呂明泰,《重建符合世代的公務人員退撫制度》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,註</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,網址:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.exam.gov.tw/public/data/41171138571.pdf">https://www.exam.gov.tw/public/data/41171138571.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,張正修</span><span lang="EN-US"> (2017)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈台灣的正義,是轉型正義的問題!從「正義」的角度探討年金改革〉,網址:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/2cc3c5d0-e912-49cd-8d65-3ae1e969ee1b">http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/2cc3c5d0-e912-49cd-8d65-3ae1e969ee1b</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「若從公務員退撫制度之基本法理,例如:終身照顧扶養原則、制度性保障、主觀公法上權利保障、最終職位適當照顧原則及國家財政永續原則而論,此種改革,雖不牴觸不溯及既往原則,但仍有信賴保護之問題。」參,林明鏘(</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈評臺灣</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年公務員退撫制度之改革</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">制度改革與信賴保護之衡平〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">張正修</span><span lang="EN-US"> (2017)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈台灣的正義,是轉型正義的問題!從「正義」的角度探討年金改革〉,網址:</span><span lang="EN-US">http://www.peoplenews.tw/news/2cc3c5d0-e912-49cd-8d65-3ae1e969ee1b</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,民國</span><span lang="EN-US">106</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,公立學校教職員退休資遣撫卹條例,第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「前項退撫基金費用按教職員本(年功)薪額加一倍百分之十二至百分之十八之提撥費率,按月由政府撥繳百分之六十五,教職員繳付百分之三十五。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">民國</span><span lang="EN-US">106</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,公立學校教職員退休資遣撫卹條例,第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「第六條所定退撫基金,由教職員與政府共同按月撥繳退撫基金費用設立之,並由政府負最後支付保證責任。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">全教總會員代表大會決議</span><span lang="EN-US">(101.09.22</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">及</span><span lang="EN-US">105.01.17)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「</span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以改革法案通過為界,未來另立基金,不相流用,仍維持確定給付制,但收支須平衡,費率一步到位,未來分段合計給付。</span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過去原儲金年資的給付責任不應打折,但潛藏不足應由已退人員和未來退休人員及其雇主共同補繳,費率、費用以原費率及在職同薪級為準,補繳年數與其原儲金年資相同。若補繳後仍不足支付,依法由國家負最後支付責任。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,方永泉、洪雯柔、楊洲松(</span><span lang="EN-US">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)譯,</span><span lang="EN-US">Paulo Freire</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原著《希望教育學</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">重現《受壓迫者教育學》》,台北,巨流,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">7-12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/my%20family%20Dropbox/cheng%20jason/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/61-%E5%BE%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%98%E7%B5%90%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C1216.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-28695755772857441832018-06-22T00:32:00.000-07:002018-06-22T00:55:17.401-07:00教師專業化的必然方向與困境<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">前言</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif;">我們需要怎樣的教師</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社會的運轉需要許多不同角色共同參與演出,而教師亦為其中一個角色,而教師角色的形塑,亦是為透過社會系統的期待,賦予教師其角色的內涵</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。在日本殖民時期,或是戰後威權時期,學校教師被期待成為「政權正當性」的詮釋者或是政令執行的代言人。學校教育的重點在於訓練學生,成為忠於國家、愛護社會的良善國民。然而,自師資培育法、教師法相繼公布施行後,在法令及制度上打破了壟斷閉鎖的師範教育體系,師資培育朝向多元化轉變,而師資培育系統之開放,也間接地促成教師專業自覺;而教師的專業自覺,也在避免行政不當之干預及介入,以維持學生之受教權益</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。因之,教師個人擺脫行政管制多元的控制,不只是反對教育行政及學校科層體制對教師的行政控制外,其背後實亦代表著對國家掌控及固著之教師圖像的反抗。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">揆諸十二年國教課綱,揭櫫「涵育公民責任」為其課程目標之一,並以「厚植民主素養」、「尊重多元文化與族群差異」、「追求社會正義」為其主要內涵,以協助學生學習發展,以臻全人教育之理想</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。而在教育上,也強調因材施教,教育本身具社會化</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">適應</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">功能,要求教師必須教導學生如何去省思與批判,要達成課綱釐訂的目標,其前提是教師本身須先具備自我省思與批判的習性,並全面去威權化</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>教師專業需要教師組織的集體建構</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">結構功能主義學者相信,專業組織在維持一個特定職業的專業地位上,扮演決定性的角色</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。正如社會分工論者指出,職業體系的發展,將逐漸產生有機連帶,作用於統整數量可觀的人群而成為有組織的結構,此一職業架構得以使個體認知到他們的群體責任,及經由他們的職務來實踐的責任</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。現今社會系統中,教師這樣一個身份或職業,必然性地需透過「共同體行動」,鍵結教師與教師間互動,權衡社會系統主觀性、客觀性下「期待」和「機會」的內涵,以進行該共同體的社會參與</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。就教師職業之屬性而言,教師雖非國家考試之專門職業人員,但多認為教師從其工作性質及資格要求來看,均應肯定其為教育之專門職業人員</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。因之,不論對教師專業程度的定位理解為何,一般多認同教師具有一定的專業性,且教師工作是必須朝著專業化的方向努力。因此,透過集體性行動,進行專業維權,將成為必然的方向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">按理,專業是獨立於國家控制之外的,專業組織不應該由國家控制,要成立這樣的組織,政府要放棄相當多的權力,將權力還給專業組織</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。就專業標準的提出而言,專業組織扮演相當吃重的角色,因為它得以藉由核發專業證照以維護從業人員的專業素養,進而得以提供專業性的服務,並可透過頒布一組的倫理信條來規範從業人員的行為,以達到顧客利益至上的專業原則</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。因此,在教師專業的前提下,因為,要提升專業水準就必須對成員有強烈的規訓,這包括從成員專業證照的核發、在職進修標準的訂定、專業服務標準的訂定到不適任者之排除等,必須有整套的配套措施,才足以實質提升專業水準</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。簡而言之,教師的各種專業標準應該由教師組織訂定,所有與專業有關的事務與仲裁才有遵循的依據,而目前國內的教師組織並沒有職權可用以維護專業品質</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此,如果將教師定位為專業職業人員,制定「教師法」來規範教師作為專門職業人員之有關事項,並規定「教師公會」之組織與任務,則此一教師公會應有之性質及功能,至少應包括:</span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師之專業資格、標準及教師之道德行為規範應由教師公會自行訂定,或至少應有權參與訂定。</span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師團體應參與新課程、教科書及教學方法的制定過程。</span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師之懲戒應有教師公會參與,教師公會並應有權就違反教師專業要求者,提請懲戒或自行懲戒。</span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師公會應有權代表教師爭取涉及教育專業方面之權益、協調教師及教師團體間之關係,並增進教師專業上之共同利益</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師作為一種專業人員,本即可組織專業人員之團體,現行法之教師會組織,似應使其單純發展為專門職業人員之團體</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公會</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,並且應採取強制入會制,使教師會具有較高之代表性及正當性,以真正發揮提升教師專業地位、維護教師專業尊嚴與自主性、落實教師專業自律的功能</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。至於教師若兼具有勞動者之地位,其組織工會之權利,本就不應排除,也實在不必鴕鳥心態,而昧於教師集體受雇的事實,認為教師公會與教師工會不相容。此觀點,本文暫不深度論及。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>教師專業化面臨之挑戰</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當前社會認知的我國教師圖像或可呈現出如下數端:「具教育專業知能的教育從業者」、「具備教育愛的品德培育者」、「具反思、批判及創新能力的教學者」、「教學的行動研究者」、「具行動力並參與社會事務的現代公民」、「社會價值觀的倡議者」、「基本人權與理念的行動者」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等等…。簡言之,社會大眾賦予教師,須符合一個運作和諧社會體系之教育制度下運作的專業工作者之角色,不希望教師保守封閉、安於現狀、缺乏改革意願及動力、教學墨守成規。但隨著社會多元化,大眾權力意識甦醒,教育事務的多元參與造成教師專業自主權的模糊化;而社會對教師專業挑戰的力量日益強大,卻敵視教師組織,否定教師組織應有的專業性;同時,要求教師有自我省思與批判的習性,成為社會價值的倡議者,卻希望教師能順從學校科層體制下的管理制度,此皆為未來我國教師專業化往前邁進,仍需面臨之重大挑戰。以下茲舉數端略述之。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一、教學技術凌駕教育本質</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在教育改革的潮流上,不斷地有新的手法出現,而科技的實用價值運用於教育上,欲是亦有不少的成效,似乎在說,只要採用了這些教學技術,馬上就可以有效提升教學成效。事實上,教育雖然有技術的成分,但也有相當多的實踐成分,教育的成效,仍需奠基於良好的師生關係、教師的愛心以及相關條件的配合</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。然而,教育活動絕大部份是實踐,而不是技術;實踐是一種道德行為,必須以其服務對象的權益為優先考量,這也是各種專業成立的要件;有效的教學非常強調師生的互動,教師不論就學生認知學習方面的個別化指導,而在師生間情意教學的層面上,更具有促進教學專業的關鍵角色</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。教學技術只是手段,可以採用哪些技術仍應從教育的本身來考量,過度強調技術,就變成技術取代教育,其實是本末倒置的</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二、績效責任扭曲了現場教學</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">績效往往只是手段與目的之間的局部連結,將對教育品質轉化為對教師績效的要求,在管理主義當道的情況下,只是運用各種行政手法管制教學,表面上是為了提升教學品質,事實上是被各種標準化、評鑑的模式所控制;教師將無法從價值、目的等層面來決定其教學事務,被迫只能照規定行事</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師的表現,如愛心,耐心,熱忱,創意等特質,以及學生的認知性及非認知性能力表現都很難訂出客觀一致的標準,更何況是教師的教學技能,因為不同的教學情境,同樣的教學可能產生不同<span lang="EN-US">(</span>甚至<span lang="EN-US">)</span>相反的效果;而教師之教學品質,往往涉及學生個人因素,如智力、性格、家庭社經、文化條件、學校學習資源、校園文化與氣氛、社會支持系統、國家教育政策</span></span><span class="CharAttribute5"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">…</span></span><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。要如何去訂立一個教師績效的可觀察的指標,能完整包含「教師角色的定位」、「教師角色表現應有的內涵」、「教師應執行的教育目的」?而角色的定位與表現指標能否符應?或是表現指標能否客觀的觀察?這些都需要不斷地反覆辨正。不願意承認績效的評定有其局限性,便沒有適當運用績效評定結果的正當性</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。而過去教師專業發展評鑑實施過程中,最為人所詬病的就是耗時費力;教師面臨的困境為:一方面既有的工作未減少,一方面為了要完成教師評鑑所要求的程序,卻又而不斷增加新工作量</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。事實上,過於強調形式主義的教師績效責任,教師為了達成績效標準,必定排擠教師原來的備課、輔導學生的時間,而單一的績效標準,更可能破壞了教育的多元樣貌。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三、專業自主權分際的模糊化</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師專業的核心概念,應強調差異性的價值,自主性的倫理、主體慾望的維護和論述的啟蒙,</span></span><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">才能</span></span><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">回應知識經濟時代的來臨</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。教師為遂行其職務,需要就其專業知識運用自由裁量權,所以一般社會人士都支持教師享有適度的專業自主權</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="CharAttribute5"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。而</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著社會大眾權力意識甦醒,家長對孩子教育參與也就更積極。家長及社區參與學校事務,對學校教育應是正向且有積極意義的。但整個教育系統開始走向開放的過程當中,社會民粹的力量會影響很多教育的決定,以好的角度來看,就是家長與學校將成為孩子教育的好夥伴,但這夥伴關係建立起來以後,就會回到權利</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">權力及分工的問題</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,也就造成了教師專業自主權的分際模糊化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此,為要求教師的教學品質,家長的關心更直接進到教室現場,在</span><span lang="EN-US">108</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">課綱中就有向家長公開授課的規定;事實上,在民主體制下,專業落實及專業水準的有效維持,在制度的運作上,有家長的監督變成是必要的</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。但是教師的公開授課,其實應該是社群團體對話氛圍的建立、透過相互觀看,進行合作性的反省,如此方能共享從教學現場的實踐脈絡,從教師的內在觀點、從內部看教學,而不只是從外部看一場戲</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。假若過度強調客製化的公開授課標準,恐怕只是讓教學對話變為教學監控</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。事實上,家長教育程度大幅提升,家長對教師專業能力的質疑或挑戰本就日形增加,加上部份教學及學生輔導管教方式衝突,以及對不適任教師處理運作不滿的放大,造成社會負面印象,讓若過度介入教學,而否定教師專業自主的權限,恐怕只會造成教師照章行事,採取防衛性教育,難以激發更積極的工作態度。家長對教師教學的參與,以及其與教師專業自主權的運作空間,恐怕仍需透過親師間的溝通對話及相互尊重,彼此調整與適應。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: medium; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四、壓抑教師組織發展</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師具專業人員身分,也具有勞動者之身分,在教師集體受僱之事實狀況下,如果就以維持或改善勞動條件為目的所組織之團體,其設定目的與勞動組合本質上並無不同,故應肯定教師的團結權。而為了結合教師在教育專業的整體需要,也應該賦予教師可組成教師工會的結社權;促成教師專業結社權的形成,也能促進教師專業水準的互動成長,並藉此建立教育專業與學校管理的溝通管道</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。徵諸世界各國教師組織的發展可以發現,不但可以促進教師專業的發展,而且教師組織的發展是多元化的</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現行教師法雖規定教師會具有一般專門職業團體之功能,如維護教師專業尊嚴與自主權、研究並協助解決各項教育問題、派出代表參與教師聘任、申訴及其他與教師有關之法定組織、制定教師自律公約等功能,但這些只是教師會的「任務」,並未對主管機關或是會員有任何拘束力,且沒有強制入會的規定,也未賦予教師會對於違反章程或自律公約可移送懲戒的規定,使得教師會成為自願性加入之團體,削弱了教師會之代表性及其專業自律功能</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。同樣地,目前依照工會法教師雖可組織及加入工會,但如同教師會之立法方向,工會三法無論在團結權、協商權及爭議權,都對教師工會採取相當的限制。整個法制面的規範及主管機關的心態是,一方面要求教師組織須提升成員的專業能力,卻又限制教師會對會員規訓的力量;給予教師工會成立的空間,卻又處處打壓教師工會</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。因此,教師會或教師工會無論是對會員專業的要求,或是對工會團約的拘束力,僅止於倡議的空間,並無規制的可能,實質上徹底弱化了教師專業結社及團結權落實的能量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現代社會期待透過教育培育具批判、省思能力的學生,以期在知識經濟的趨勢下不斷創新,並擁有公民素養能關心社會,以行動參與公共議題,捍衛社會價值,實踐基本人權。在此脈絡下,教師理應是具批判、思考力的專業工作者。但往往管理思維當道,原該支援教學的行政作為,卻成為管制教學的來源;社會期待教師成為專業人員,卻要限制教師組織專業論述的能量;要求教師培養學生人權觀,卻不重視教師的勞動人權;對教師教學期待個別化、差異化卻又要求績效化、標準化,亦即,期待教師專業自主,卻又提出限制專業自主的主張。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其實,教師朝向專業化發展,作為一個專門職業,應該是現今社會對教師的重要圖像,隨著民主體制的長期運作,親師間互動的適應、行政教師間角色的調整,對專業的建構應該能夠日趨成熟;而政府尤其應該放棄控制的心態,讓教師組織得以在法制面上,得以訂定教師自訂各種專業標準,並承擔社會對教師專業期待的責任。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳雅婷(</span><span lang="EN-US">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,《從</span><span lang="EN-US">Paulo
Freire</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「意識覺醒」觀論教師圖像》,國立臺北教育大學教育學院教育學系碩士論文,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">128</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「教育行政之主要目的應只是充足教育之各種條件,絕對不得任意干涉教育內容之決定與教育活動之實施(第十六條)。教育內容、教育活動應由教育專家──教師本教育良知與專業精神,在父母或監護人之參與配合下為之(第六條、第十四條)──此即教育法學中之國家中立原則、教育自主原則、父母參與原則。」參,《教育基本法立法總說明》,</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,引自,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://taup.yam.org.tw/new410/tplw0003.html">http://taup.yam.org.tw/new410/tplw0003.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">摘錄自,教育部(</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)十二年國民基本教育課程綱要總綱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">王鳳雄(</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《後教師工會時期的教師圖像—聖職已遠,典範在夙昔》,國立暨南國際大學教育政策與行政研究所博士論文,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">239</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">姜添輝</span><span lang="EN-US">(2003)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈英國教師組織的政治特性〉,《各國教師組織與專業權發展》,第一版,台北,高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">25-82</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有關「共同體行動」,參閱,高宣揚(</span><span lang="EN-US">1998</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《當代社會理論</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">下</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》,第一版,臺北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">616-618</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈從教師法律地位看教師團體之性質與功能〉,《教育法與教育改革》,第一版,高等教育文化事業有限公司,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">99-120</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">103</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,蘇永明</span><span lang="EN-US">(2003)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈英格蘭的「教學總會」〉,《各國教師組織與專業權發展》,第一版,高等教育文化事業有限公司,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">1-24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">6-7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">32</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">18-19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">115</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">120</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">240-271</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">蘇永明(</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈技術導向的教育思潮〉,《當代教育思潮》,第一版,臺北,學富,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">11-30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">21-27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同註</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">27-28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,任懷鳴(</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈教師的教學品質如何評鑑〉。《競爭、品質、合作</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「專業發展與團體協商」國際教育研討會手冊》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">28-33</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鄭建信(</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈拆解教師評鑑的套裝程式〉。《</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">均優學習論壇會議手冊》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">46-55</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">48</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,李孟倫(</span><span lang="EN-US">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《規訓權力的實踐—教師專業發展評鑑》,南華大學公共行政與政策研究所碩士論文,臺灣,嘉義。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,黃乃熒(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈後現代思潮與教育專業發展〉,《教育資料集刊》,第</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">1-24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,教育部(</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《各師資類科教師專業表現之標準訂定計畫》。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,郭木山、陳淑華(</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈教師專業發展的另一條途徑—以敘事促進教師觀看及增能〉,《教育資料與研究》,第</span><span lang="EN-US">112</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">107-131</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">許育典(</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),《教育行政法》,臺北,元照,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">217</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,姜添輝(</span><span lang="EN-US">2004</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈教師組織是否是教師專業要件:英國全國教師聯合會的個案研究〉,《八十七學年教育學術研討會論文集》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">1548-1576</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">周志宏(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈從教師法律地位看教師團體之性質與功能〉,《教育法與教育改革》,第一版,高等教育文化事業有限公司,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">99-120</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">119</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/nutpuAdmin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/58-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%85%E7%84%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%88%87%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,羅德水(</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)《</span><span lang="EN-US">2010.7.7—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育論壇:再論教師工會與教育專業》,</span><span lang="EN-US">2013 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">2 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">24 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,引自網址</span> <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-40351">http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-40351</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-33190539062237002882018-03-31T06:10:00.000-07:002018-04-01T01:24:02.732-07:00原來年金改革不過是重武輕文的戲碼<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; word-break: break-all;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">一樣改革,兩樣情,教育淪為祭旗的犧牲品</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原本宣稱要「救亡圖存」的年金改革工程,雷霆手段走到軍改方案時,沒想到竟然上演「加碼送」的戲碼!蔡政府喊得價天響的「公平正義」、「基金永續」,對照去年強行通過的公教年改新法,6月底端出「55+2」的軍改草案構想,給國人的感覺就是「蔡政府推動年改只會柿子挑軟的吃」!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多數教師,皆願意以認真的態度看待年金改革,身為公部門的受僱者,我們僅要求政府不可將年改的責任轉嫁給受雇者;但蔡政府為了展現其年改意志,放任社會對立氣氛瀰漫,倉促的在106年6月前強渡關山,陸續通過公教人員年改方案,讓基層公教人員士氣大損。如果107年3月提出「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">軍人退休俸其俸率從百分之四十到七十,調高到百分之五十五到八十五</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」軍改方案的主其事者,可以說是為了「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有利國軍招募、穩定退役人員生活</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」,那一年前激烈討論的「起支年齡五十八、給付費率</span><span lang="EN-US">….</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,分別調降為百分之三十至百分之六十二點五」的公立學校教職員年金改革新法,就是拿國家的教育來為年改祭旗。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">一個亂砍、一個加碼,改革說法難以服人</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政府最新的軍人年改方案,將軍人退休俸其俸率從百分之四十到七十,調高到百分之五十五到八十五。林萬億並指出:「政府考量的原則沒有改變,包含照顧中低階軍士官、有利國軍招募、穩定退役人員生活,以及政府財務可負擔、社會可接受的原則。」而去年6月通過的公立學校教職員年金改革則規定:「起支年齡五十八、給付費率直接以退休所得上限調降,以退休年資15年至40年,分別調降為百分之三十至百分之六十二點五,優惠存款二年結束…」兩相對照,同屬退撫基金,費率相同,對軍人要反向加厚,20年竟從40%加到55%(公教則為37<span lang="EN-US">.5</span>%),教師要宰就宰,毫不疼惜。這到底是年金改革還是募兵募將獎勵方案?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">軍改考量國軍招募固然有理,但</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">差別對待的真正原因是槍桿子?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">社會本就是不同職業類別共同存在的集合體,國家法人為維持政府機制之運作,在特定職業上給予限制,但也必須相對地給予其應有相對的保障。我們尊重政府尊重國家安全、考量照顧國軍退役人員生活,鼓勵現役軍人長留久用的軍人年改目標;但對於同樣是公部門的雇主而言,對於「軍人」及「公教」實在不應該有相反的做法。何以致之,難道是重武輕文,考量槍桿子才是政權安定的基礎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">宣稱公益改革的正當性已蕩然無存<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年金改革工程,本係應以促進各職業類別間之相互理解,並以此理解為基礎,進一步就不同職業類別的年金制度調整;此次年金改革,政府將政府責任轉嫁給公部門受僱者做為起手式,但卻在考量其政權安定性的前提下,做了一百八十度的轉彎,在此提醒蔡政府,年金改革如果只是政府說了算,就請立刻放下公益的改革大旗,先向公務人員與教師道歉,並重新調整年改方案。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-67252626870164062672018-03-31T06:04:00.004-07:002018-03-31T06:04:34.698-07:00課程發程委員會的運作應尊重教師專業自主<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學校課程發展規劃及推動要能因應各該教育階段教育目標,考量學校所處地域,並配合學生身心發展。因此,欲建構合於學校課程發展願景之課程目標,實須透過校內教師專業對話,藉由課程發展委員會之運作,精進學校之課程設計發展,以保障學生之學習品質。學校課程發展委員運作之成效,實係於教師專業自主原則的得否具體實踐。因此,課程綱要內容中的相關規定,或主管教育機關就課程發展委員會之運作所為之行政指導,其與教師專業自主之競合或優先序位,實須釐清辨明,方得彰明學校課程發展委員會之功能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師專業自主的意義與目的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項及第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項分別規定:「教育人員之工作、待遇及進修等權利義務,應以法律定之,教師之專業自主應予尊重。」「學生之學習權、受教育權、身體自主權及人格發展權,國家應予保障,並使學生不受任何體罰及霸凌行為,造成身心之侵害。」蓋,教師之專業自主,並非基於對教師自身利益,乃係基於教育工作的特性,為了學生利益而存在。中小學生心智發展尚未成熟,難以期待他們可以獨立思考判斷,在此階段教師的教育任務主要在協助學生人格的自由開展。為了達成這個教育任務,必須仰賴中小學教師全心投入師生互動的過程,而營造此過程的自由多元開放空間,就是教學自主</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">自由</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保障目的</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">課程綱要的目的與限制</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 就高中及國民中小學教育階段而言,國家有義務提供教育之機會,讓人民之人格能透過教育而獲得充分之開展,國家機制是服務人民,人民是受教育的主體,而非國家權力運作下的客體</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。我國課程綱要之內容包含基本理念、課程目標、核心素養、科目與學分數、學習階段、課程架構、實施要點,其對於國民受教育權、教師之教學自主、學生之學習權以及教科書出版自由等均有所影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">課綱依其內容不同應區分為「具法拘束力」和「作為指導建議性文書」不同型態之兩大部份,前者如各教育階段核心素養具體內容、課程類型與科目劃分、高中畢業必要學分數、授課時數、學習評量等部份具法規命令之性質;而有關各科教學內容之規定,為避免國家公權力過度介入教育之實質給付內容,應將其性質定性為指導建議性之規定,亦即應屬訓示性規定,方為妥適</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。亦即有關涉及學生權利、義務的事項,如選修科目的規定、修習學分數、畢業學分數的安排,影響學生權益屬於法律保留部分,方得以對學生產生一定之拘束力,並應至少制定於法規命令層級。若為細節性、技術性的事項,如教學內容、教學方法、教材等相關專業事項,則保留較多的彈性</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。進而言之,課程綱要中有關學生受教權、教師教學自主及教育自由有關之重要事項,應屬法律保留事項</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;課綱中就前揭事項規範具有法規性效力的也僅涉於權利義務有關範圍</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師專業自主的防禦權</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">落實課程發展委員會運作是實踐教師專業主的第一步,教師並非國家的執行機關,他毋寧是創造力、自由且獨立的教育者地位,而由此地位的憲法保障,去協助並促進學生的人格自由開展。就此而言,教育基本法中賦與教師教學上的專業自主權,實係透過教師的教學自由保障,進而保障學生為主體之教育基本權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國民教育法第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「中央主管機關應訂定國民中小學課程綱要及其實施之有關規定,作為學校規劃及實施課程之依據;學校規劃課程並得結合社會資源充實教學活動。」高級中等教育法第</span><span lang="EN-US">43</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「中央主管機關應訂定高級中等學校課程綱要及其實施之有關規定,作為學校規劃及實施課程之依據;學校規劃課程並得結合社會資源充實教學活動。」因之,課程綱要的之內涵,就法律授權之內涵而言,實僅限於學校規範之實施課程之依據,至於教師教學方式、專業自主、學習評量之等應為法律保留事項,則不應被涵攝於其內。亦即,若有關課程綱要中就有關教師專業領域之事項時,則應尊重教師的專業自由自由。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一方面,教師透過教師集體共同參與學校課程發展委員會之運作,使學校整體課程發展之推動,能透過學校內部教師專業意見形成的民主程序,進而達成課程推動發展之任務與功能。此亦為教師專業自主權,透過教育專業上的自治參與,形成學校自由、多元、開放的專業空間。十二年課綱總綱中即規定:「學校為推動課程發展應訂定『課程發展委員會組織要點』,經學校校務會議通過後,據以成立學校課程發展委員會。學校課程發展委員會下得設各領域</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">群科</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學程</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">科目教學研究會。學校得考量學校規模與地理特性,聯合成立校際之課程發展委員會。」亦即,在促進學校受教權利基本權達成之前提下,教師教學自玊及透過課程發展委員會的組織自治,是教師專業自主實踐,亦是落實學生基本權的防禦權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">課程綱要中有具法規範性範圍的部份,應只限於有關學生上課學分數,領域課程等涉權利義務具體規範之範圍;至於教師專業發展、教學自由等部份係屬法律保留事項,亦非依國教法及高級中等教育法授權訂定之範圍,學校就課程發展之推動與實施,應係在尊重教師專業自主的前提下,以積極維護學生受教權益為要旨;進而言之,教師應具體透過組織自治,形成專業共識,積極參與學校課程發展委員會之運作,亦有能力以專業述實踐抗衡偏重管理思維的不當干預。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見許育典(</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)教育行政法,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">312</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,臺北,元照。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見李惠宗(</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)課綱微調案平議,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,載於月旦法學教室第</span><span lang="EN-US">140</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李仁淼(</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)教育法與教育人權,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">143</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,臺北,元照。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">卓育欣(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)高級中等學校課程綱要法律位階之研究,國立臺灣師範大學課程與教學研究所碩士論文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/55-%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%87%89%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB(0220).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「洗腦行不行</span><span lang="EN-US">?—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高中課綱微調之合法性」座談會,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">58</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-21403559292270889012017-11-20T20:08:00.000-08:002017-12-28T00:19:51.752-08:00落實勞動教育促進教育正義—從喚醒勞動意識開始<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">長期以來教育部門對勞動教育的缺乏,導致多數勞動者進入職場後因缺乏勞動意識、不諳勞動權益,而經常發生受僱者被剝削的情形。因之,如何透過學校教育,使學生接受做好必要的準備,便有其必要性。新北市勞工局自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">學度起,即開始推動高中勞動權益課程,對提升學生認識自我勞動權益有一定幫助,值得肯定。然而,完整地透過不同學習階段學校的勞動教育,有待具有法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">位階效力的依據,才有札根落實的可能。近日,制定《勞動教育促進法》的推動,同步使國家產業經濟發展與勞工權益提升,確實有其必要性。本文茲就學校教育本質出發,淺談勞動教育之內涵。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學校教育的本質在促進社會階層流動</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="text-indent: -6pt;">教育機會的普及就是給予每個人透過教育制度,得以開展自我能力的機會,特別給予弱勢族群有突破現有社會體制,改變生活現狀況的機會。但事實上,整體社會教育資源仍為優勢族群所掌握,導致教育制度的運作往往也只能符應現況、傳承現有的社會文化內涵,成為再製社會階級的工具。因此,除了促進教育系統公平運作,更應透過教育的本身,優先降低社會上劣勢者不利因素,才能真正地透過教育制度的落實,進而彰顯社會正義。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面對全球化勞動教育有迫切需求</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">二十一世界資本論作者皮凱提即指出,未來三十年內,全世界有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">80%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">以上的資本,將集中在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">10%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">的少數人中;社會上絕對充滿了不安定因子,終將因為財富為所得分配太過不均而產生動亂。事實上,依據瑞士信貸銀行最新全球財富報告指出,台灣前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">10%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">人口所擁有的資產是台灣總財富的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">61.8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">,顯示財富資本加速集中在少數富人手中。臺灣社會的貧富早已持續擴大中,資本報酬率高於整體社會的經濟成長率,無怪乎現今年輕世代對未來日趨絕望。十二年國教課程綱要總綱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">以下簡稱總綱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">之修訂背景中即指出,「近年來…新興工作不斷增加、民主參與更趨蓬勃、社會正義的意識覺醒、生態永續發展益受重視,加上『全球化』與『國際化』所帶來的轉變,使得學校教育面臨諸多挑戰,必須因應社會需求與時代潮流而與時俱進。」因此,追求教育內涵的公平正義,促進社會中不利成員突破現狀的機會,更是現階段教育本質的具體實現。因此,如何透過教育制度,改變社會的不正義,相較於以往更形重要。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">勞動教育首重勞動意識的喚醒</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">十二年課綱雖指出全球化的衝擊與挑戰,但以落實適性揚才之教育目標,培養適應全救化環境的未來國民的論述,似有美化全球化的利益,而有意或不經意地忽略全球化帶來的傷害。不可否認的,獲取薪資生活者,以勞力與雇主交換報酬,其工作人格從屬於雇主,並無自主性可言。然而,隨著整體社會財富差異的拉大,勞工與雇主間的衝突矛盾勢必增加。但另一方面,基於職業類型增多,教育水準普遍提升,勞動弱勢雖想拒絕貶抑勞動者自身的觀點,另一方面卻又期待成為壓迫他者之一群。亦即,社會弱勢者一方面想要突破現狀,另一方面卻又認同造成其不利現狀的社會現實。孰令至之?無非是缺乏批判力、反省力的教育制度與課程綱要,成為再製現有社會結構的推手。因此,勞動教育本質應以喚醒勞動意識為首要目標。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 社會上本就有不同階級、種族、性別、社會地位、社會角色的存在,教育內容的實施,應該讓學生能體察社會實質的現況,並能反思在不同情境下願意站在他人立場設想,尊重社會上每一份子平等的自由權,而社會制度本身必須提供社會成員都有公平的機會,並給予弱勢者彌補現況的最大利益。勞動意識的內涵是能覺知勞資地位不對等的狀況,進而知覺透過受僱者的團結力量,經由勞資自治的運作,才能在未來全球化的環境之下,建構一個安全的工作環境,務實地將個人職涯規劃,納入個人生涯發展的想像之中。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>結論</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">綜上而言,學生面對未來不應該處於五里霧之中,喚醒勞動意識才能避免面對不確定性的無力感;理解社會現實,才能清楚地建立健康的生活態度並合理地建構生活目標。勞動教育的內涵與本質,理應就是教育制度正義價值之具體實踐。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-74386669667765973322017-09-25T06:25:00.001-07:002018-10-07T18:30:01.006-07:00教師專業權的集體建構<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">集體組織爭取專業地位的必然性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「教育人員之工作、待遇及進修等權利義務,應以法律定之,教師之專業自主應予尊重。」同法第</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「教師專業自主權及學生學習權、受教育權、身體自主權及人格發展權遭受學校或主管教育行政機關不當或違法之侵害時,政府應依法令提供當事人或其法定代理人有效及公平救濟之管道。」依照教師法之規定,中小學教師須具有一定資格始取得實習教師資格,尚須透過實質資格之審查,以確認教師之適任性,通過複檢方取得教師合格證書。而專科以上教師,原則上須透過學校與教育部分別進行二階段之初審及複審,基本上以學歷作為基本資格</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,而依教育人員任用條例第</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條,分為教授、副教授、助理教授、講師。因此,無論就法律地位或是資格條件上,對於符合教師法適用對象之教師,實際上為教育工作之專業階層;再以教育工作本身即為服務導向的智性活動,教育工作者需有其專業知識及長時期的職前及在職教育,教師工作本身即屬專業活動的範疇。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,各式政治力量之介入,往往將教師視為政治服務之工具,要求教師配合非關教育工作或服務;而學校內部則屢有不依專業及學校內部章則規定排課之情事,諸如強迫教師兼任組長、要求訂定配合行政運作者得免超額之規定</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如擔任特定社團教師、經校長聘任擔任主任或組長</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、學校之校務會議紀錄不公開、限制校務會議之提案權、動輒以輔導訪視相繩要求教師配合額外工作、強制參加非法定之研習課程、要求教師協助招生作業…等。此種不尊重教師專業自主的事實一直存在,而基層教師也長期感受到專業自主權不時地受到嚴重侵害。進而言之,當教師的專業性已被模糊成不等於專業地位時,透過集體組織爭取、恢復並實現教師專業地位及專業自主權,是無可迴避的當務之急了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">長期以來,過去十幾年來,教師組織透過三級教師會的團結,取得發聲之管道與機會,成功地提升教師專業合法地位,也有效地提升教師人權、維護各級教育品質。但不容否認的是,因為長期以來大眾對教師要求無私奉獻的社會期待,教師收入及社會地位的回饋補償</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,因此多數教師只是透過私下抱怨,卻少有人願意為專業自主權而付諸行動。另一方面,在未能體認「集體受僱者的生活事實」,「管理權與專業權本然不對稱的存在」,「個別受雇者難以對抗科層威權的必然現象」,因此而有聲音認為,專業工作者自可獨善其身,無須承擔團結體運作的義務與責任;縱或部份加入教師組織者,亦往往精算其福利與回饋,仔細研究其會費之性價比。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正因為如此,教師組織一路以來一直是篳路籃縷,未來如何實質有效地團結更多數的教育工作者,實為教師組織的一大課題。再者,教師自得以組織及加入工會之後,因教師工會成立門檻降低,教師工會紛紛成立;這一年來,面對年金改革,教育相關的產業工會成立數量更達到高峰。表面看來,教師可透過更多元的團結體,為專業發聲;然而,實際上卻是教師的團結力量被嚴重削弱,導致教師參與年金改革的社會改造工程,一直處於被動的地位。暫不評價年金改革的意義及合理性,所有教師及教育工作者必須共同承擔及面對強烈的社會剝奪感之時,教師必須更清楚地意識到,受壓迫者的分裂,將導致集體組織更加弱勢。唯有真正團結在一起,所有的奮鬥才可能有效。教師專業地位的建立,需要透過一個更有凝聚力的共同團結體的運作,才有可能真正地實踐與落實。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">教師會執行「教師組織」之法定任務</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定略以:「教師接受聘任後,依有關法令及學校章則之規定,享有下列權利:四、參加教師組織,並參與其他依法令規定所舉辦之活動。」同法第</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「教師組織分為三級:在學校為學校教師會;在直轄市及縣</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">市</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為地方教師會;在中央為全國教師會。」亦即,按教師法之規定,教師組織即為三級教師組織。而依照教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條,教師會賦有以下任務:「各級教師組織之基本任務如下:一、維護教師專業尊嚴與專業自主權。二、與各級機關協議教師聘約及聘約準則。三、研究並協助解決各項教育問題。四、監督離職給付儲金機構之管理、營運、給付等事宜。五、派出代表參與教師聘任、申訴及其他與教師有關之法定組織。六、制定教師自律公約。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依教育部</span><span lang="EN-US"> 92.08.20. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺研字第</span><span lang="EN-US">0920119609</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號說明:「一、依據現行教師法第二十七條第五款規定,各級教師組織之基本任務包括派出代表參與教師聘任、申訴及其他與教師有關之法定組織。二、為落實前開條文所定教師組織派出代表之任務,及考量相關法定組織或會議性質之差異,有關派出代表部分,與教師聘任、申訴及其他與教師有關之法定組織,如已有教師代表產生方式之相關法令或規定時,依原組織功能之相關法令與規定辦理;至於未明定教師代表產生方式者,應請尊重同級教師會依一定比例派出教師代表之權責。」簡言之,「教師組織」就是教師會,各級教師會依據教師法是唯一且有權利參與中央、地方、學校各項政策制定、派出代表參與法定組織。在法令中明訂由學校及地方教師會參與中央、地方及學校相關會議重要會議,如教師評審委員會</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、教師成績考核委員會</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、課程發展委員會</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、與學校訂定職務分配辦法</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、縣市直轄市教育審議委員會</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、中央及地方教師申訴評議委員會、高級中等學校免試、特招入學相關作業會議及委員會…等,各級學校校長遴選、學校評鑑、地方教育政策</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、中央教育經費審議各項會議,分由地方及全國教師會派出代表為主。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">教師申訴及法律諮詢服務</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定:「教師專業自主權及學生學習權、受教育權、身體自主權及人格發展權遭受學校或主管教育行政機關不當或違法之侵害時,政府應依法令提供當事人或其法定代理人有效及公平救濟之管道。」教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定略以:「教師接受聘任後,依有關法令及學校章則之規定,享有下列權利:五、對主管教育行政機關或學校有關其個人之措施,認為違法或不當致損害其權益者,得依法提出申訴。」;教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「教師對主管教育行政機關或學校有關其個人之措施,認為違法或不當,致損其權益者,得向各級教師申訴評議委員會提出申訴。」教師申訴係教師對於主管教育行政機關或學校有關其個人之措施,認為違法或不當,致損害其權益時得以謀求之救濟管道之一,屬於行政救濟之一環。而教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項則規定:「教師申訴評議委員會之組成應包含該地區教師組織或分會代表及教育學者,且未兼行政教師不得少於總額的三分之二,但有關委員本校之申訴案件,於調查及訴訟期間,該委員應予迴避;其組織及評議準則由教育部定之。」因之,教師會之代表當須參與審議教師申訴案件,而透過來自基層教師視角所做出之評議決定,亦較為教師認同,並也是教師會專業權行使的一部份</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教師申訴評議委員會的教師代表委員,歷年來都是新北市教師會派出參與,為許多的基層老師堅持合法的程序正義及合理的應有權益,而維持新北市教師會系統正常運作的,正是本會的會務重點。此外,為了確保成員專業生涯與權利,本會更透過工會系統為會員更全面的職場防護機制。除建置法律訴訟基金,協助會員因職務相關之訴訟費用包括律師費用、裁判費、出庭等相關費用;或是透過工會簽約之律師事務所,提供較優惠之訴訟費用選擇。並設置法務中心提供法律諮詢與服務,協助會員於勞資雙方之間發生爭議時,依據勞資爭議處理法所建置之「調解」、「仲裁」及「裁決」機制,儘速協助盡快解決其爭議,減輕會員經濟負擔,有效減少訟源。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">教師工作條件的議訂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師工作條件與待遇的協商,為先進國家教師組織運作的一項極為重要的工作</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。依教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定略以:「各級教師組織之基本任務如下:二、與各級機關協議教師聘約及聘約準則。」教師法施行細則第</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條並規定:「本法第十七條第一項第一款所定聘約,得由主管教育行政機關訂定聘約準則。各級教師會並得依本法第二十七條第二款規定,與各級主管教育行政機關協議聘約準則。教師聘約內容,應符合各級學校聘約準則之規定。」簡言之,新北市高級中等以下各級學校,各級學校聘約,必須符合主管機關與同級教師會協議訂定之聘約準則。而新北市教師會與新北市教育局於</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">-101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年歷經近一年的時間,協議完成新北市教師聘約準則實施要點</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。若學校教師會與學校協議聘約產生爭議時,聘準準則實施要點規定,由教育局與新北市教師會共同協商解決之</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條雖賦予教師組織與各級機關協議教師聘約及聘約準則之任務。但教師會亦無法單獨為其會員之工作條件而努力,究其實務運作而言,教師組織及參加教師會,至多僅是結社權之行使。工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定:「為促進勞工團結,提升勞工地位及改善勞工生活,特制定本法。」事實上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #f8f8f8; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">1966</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年聯合國教科文組織所發表的「關於教師地位之建議書」第</span><span lang="EN-US">82</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span lang="EN-US">84</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條:「教師之薪俸及工作條件,均應經教師組織與其雇主(學校)間的協議過程始得決定;教師經由其組織與其公營或私人雇主談判之權利,應藉助法定,或自治之制度加以確保;應建立適當的合議制度,以解決教師與雇主間對契約中關於期限、條件的歧異所起之爭議。若是因應上述爭議之手段,程序業已用盡,或協商破裂,教師組織應有權採取譬如循正常管道將問題向其他組織公開,以保障本身合法權益等手段。」明文規定教師的勞動權。而</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我國工會法第<span lang="EN-US">4</span>條已修正,准予教師依工會組織及加入工會,謂</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "PT Serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "PT Serif";">:「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">勞工均有組織及加入工會之權利。……教師得依本法組織及加入工會。」團體協約法第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定:「本法所稱團體協約,指雇主或有法人資格之雇主團體,與依工會法成立之工會,以約定勞動關係及相關事項為目的所簽訂之書面契約。」教師依法得成立工會後,自得依法由工會與雇主進行團體協約協商。勞委會</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日勞資</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">字第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1000126586 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函指出:「查教師係受聘僱於學校,接受學校之指揮監督,因教師與學校間存在勞動關係,故學校應為教師之雇主,而教育行政主管機關僅為編列與教師權利義務相關預算、訂定與教師相關之法規(職權)命令或法律者,屬學校之目的事業主管機關。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因此,教師工會團體協約協商的對象應為「學校」,然因公、私立學校依協商事項的權責歸屬不同,因此,實務上對協商雇主的認定亦不相同。就私立學校而言,因「私立學校」、「私立學校董事會」或「財團法人」,其實共享同一法人格,又「學校」與「董事會」均屬財團法人之內部機關,因此三者應該皆可成為團體協約協商之雇主。而公立學校的雇主不論認定為「學校」、「地方教育主管機關」抑或是「中央教育主管機關」,然實務上往往因協商事項之權責不同,而傾向依協商事項之權責,而區分團體協約協商之雇主。教育部</span><span lang="EN-US">( 101.5.14)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺研字第</span><span lang="EN-US">1010088351</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函之規定:「團體協約法第</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">款規定,公立學校於簽訂團體協約前應經其上級主管機關核可。考量上級主管機關可能駁回學校與工會之協商共識,而衝擊雙方的互信基礎,爰應建立學校協商前之通報機制,以減低學校壓力與不必要的紛爭。……請轉知所轄學校遇有教師工會要求團體協商之同時,即應先將工會所提協商版本函報主管教育行政機關知悉,並由該機關視協商議題權限審酌是否違反相關法律、屬單一學校或跨校性議題、縣市或全國適用一致性及是否涉及財務支出等,並為必要之行政指導。屬學校權責者,如學校排課、擔任導師等,則以學校為協商主體;若為縣市一致適用、地方財務或全國一致性之議題,則以主管教育行政機關為協商主體…由主管教育行政機關視協商事項權責為必要之行政指導。屬單一學校權責事項,如教師寒暑假返校時間安排、教師進修內容安排、教師教學觀摩安排等,以學校為協商主體;屬跨校性、地方一致性或地方財務權責事項,如教師工會會所、校務會議組成、代扣工會會員會費等,以地方主管教育行政機關為協商主體;屬全國一致性權責事項,如教育經費預(決)算之編製、教師敘薪、教師聘任資格、退休、撫卹、待遇、保險、請假等,則以中央主管教育行政機關為協商主體」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本會</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教育人員產業工會</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">於今年7月完成景文科技大學團體協約簽約,後教育局核可於8月後陸續核可8所公立高中團體協約,對此要肯定市府全力促成教育職場團體協約簽訂。事實上,就團體協約的運作來說,工會可透過內部的民主運作方式,形成集體意志,團結受雇者的力量;資方則可透過與工會的集體聲音直接對話,有助於協商共識的達成。正因為是透過勞資共治,團體協約的協商成果,容許原則下的差異,進而找出適合本市、不同區域、學校的工作條件,正可補足校園法令的不足之處,讓校園中受雇者的工作條件更為明確且有所依循。因此,全力推動與教育局的團體協約簽訂,實有助於建構安定的校園工作環境,展現本市和諧的教育職場氛圍。本會為本市最多數教育工作者的團結體,符合團體協約法第6條,具有法定協商資格之教育產業工會,工會將更努力為會員工作條件而努力,工會也需要更多會員加入而有堅實之團結力量,透體集體協商權的具體落實,每位教師親自實踐勞動教育。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">提升教師專業發展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">支持會員專業發展、維護專業自主空間,向為本會之重要發展導向,因此,本會長期以來透過組織化之行動,將來自基層的專業見解,提供教師主流意見做為教育政策的決策參考。也經常性地辦理專業成長活動、提供教師進修機會,過去一年,我們辦理了數十場的教學精進研習、</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">專業引領—雙北翻轉教學研討、</span><span lang="EN-US">107</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">課綱考招連動座談、大學入學檔案歷程建置實務研習、高級中等學校教育政策與議題研討、教保專業精進研習、建構教專發展支持系統實務對話、台灣希望小學教材釋出…等研習,並定期出版刋物</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,發揮專業影響力,並辦理年度的</span><span lang="EN-US">Super</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師遴選,鼓勵幼兒園、國小、國中、高中職、大專院校不同學習階段,具有</span><span lang="EN-US">Super</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">精神</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的優質教師夥伴。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">再者,經過組織的長期努力,政府對教師專業發展的立場,終於由「強調外部績效評鑑導向」,回歸「自主專業的支持導向」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,並由全教會與各地方教師會共同成立教師專業發展支持系統,以鼓勵學校教師組成基地班,並以「輔導諮詢教師」給予專業性支持,轉化為由內而外之專業成長願景及作為。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,針對學校教師有教師法第十四條第一項第十四款所定教學不力或不能勝任工作有具體事實之情事,依處理高級中等以下學校不適任教師應行注意事項第四點規定</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「主管機關後設教師專業審查委員會</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下簡稱專審會</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,協助學校處理教師法第十四條第一項第十四款所定教學不力或不能勝任工作有具體事實之情事;專審會之組成及運作如下:</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">專審會置委員九人至十五人,均為無給職,任期二年,由主管機關首長遴聘行政機關代表、教育學者、法律專定、同級校長協會代表、同級家長團體代表及同級或全國教師組織代表組成,並指派一人為召集人及擔任會議主席;其中教師組織代表不得少於二分之一;任一性別委員應占委員總數三分之一以上。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">專審會任務如下:</span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">受理學校申請調查或輔導之案件。</span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成立調查小組及輔導小組,並遴聘與解聘調查人員</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下簡稱調查員</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">及教學專業輔導員</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下簡稱輔導員</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指派調查小組進行調查,並指派輔導小組進行輔導。</span><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">審議調查報告及輔導報告。」亦即,教師會及教師工會除全力促成教師專業成長,於教師有疑似教學不力而疑似不適任時,依照相關規定,地方教師會亦須派出專審會委員協助調查或輔導案件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們認為,教育專業應該是透過具有圓熟智慧的教育理論為基礎,在真實的教學情境中不斷琢磨精進實踐、相互砥礪,互相提攜。教師組織共同協助會員成長,並一定程度為會員之教學專業進行把關。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">結論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現階段教師法僅給予教師會維護教師專業尊嚴與專業自主權及與各級機關協議教師聘約及聘約準則…等之權利,卻不賦與教師會如同工會之爭議權及團體協約協商權;另一方面,雖依工會三法得組織加入工會,卻限縮加入工會、進行團體協約及行使爭議權的空間,因此,惟有認知教師集體受僱的生活現實,無論在工作條件之爭取,或是聘約之議定情況,皆須面對勞資實力不對等的現實,只有透過集合多數教師的最大團結體,在教師法及工會法賦與教師會及教師工會的有限空間下,同時為教師的工作條件努力,以爭取並維護教師的專業自主權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教育人員產業工會是延續過往教師會經營理念,傳承及組織價值與信念的唯一市級教師工會。在</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年成立後也以會員人數實質過半的資格,取得與新北市政府進行團體協約的條件,並已啟動數次協商會議。如何讓新北市政府看見更多老師願意加入「新北教產」,也攸關後續團約討論時能否讓市府感受足夠的壓力。此時,分裂或削弱我們共同努力經營多年的新北教產,企望另起爐灶,再來啟動另一個團約或創造社會能見度,那是不切實際的。何況,沒有新北市教師會系統支持參與運作的教師工會,將猶如失根的浮萍,失去努力二十餘年來傳承教師組織信念的根底與論述。在此,呼籲所有新北市的老師,一起來擦亮「新北市教師會</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教育人員產業工會」,這塊永遠屬於大家的教師組織招牌。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參,鄭建信〈教師的工會意識〉,「整體而言,教師的工作穩定及平均收入較一般勞工為高,而教育產業之特殊性,使得教師在工作場域多數時間面對的是權力結構中較為弱勢的學生,教師在工作場所的被剝奪感亦相對較低。加上,教師個人的權利義務事項多受法令的規範,教師個人權利受侵害,亦有申訴管道的提供。因此,不少教師對於自己的工作,有一種「非屬勞工階級」的自我意識。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法第</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項:「高級中等以下學校教師之聘任,分初聘、續聘及長期聘任,除依師資培育法第十三條第二項或第二十條規定分發者外,應經教師評審委員會審查通過後由校長聘任之。」;同法同條第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「前項教師評審委員會之組成,應包含教師代表、學校行政人員代表及家長會代表一人。其中未兼行政或董事之教師代表不得少於總額二分之一;其設置辦法,由教育部定之。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公立高級中等以下學校教師成績考核辦法第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「考核會由委員九人至十七人組成,除掌理教務、學生事務、輔導、人事業務之單位主管及教師會代表一人為當然委員外,其餘 由本校教師票選產生,並由委員互推一人為主席,任期一年。但參加考核人數不滿二十人之學校,得降低委員人數,最低不得少於五人,其中當然委員至多二人,除教師會代表外,其餘由校長指定之。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十二年國教課程綱要總綱,柒、實施要點,一、課程發展「</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)2.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學校課程發展委員會之組成及運作方式由學校校務會議決定之,其學校課程發展委員會成員應包括學校行政人員、年級及領域</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">群科</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學程</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">科目(含特殊需求領域課程)之教師、教師組織代表及學生家長委員會代表…」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市高級中等以下學校教師聘約準則實施要點第十點:「十、教師授課科目應依課程綱要,以專業專才及公平原則妥適編排。授課時數由學校依據法令及員額編制(含兼任、代理代課教師、行政人員及特殊班之相關專業人員),與學校教師會共同訂定編配原則,經校務會議議決之。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條規定:「直轄市及縣(市)政府應設立教育審議委員會,定期召開會議,負責主管教育事務之審議、諮詢、協調及評鑑等事宜。前項委員會之組成,由直轄市及縣(市)政府首長或教育局局長為召集人,成員應包含教育學者專家、家長會、教師會、教師工會、教師、社區、弱勢族群、教育及學校行政人員等代表;其設置辦法由直轄市、縣(市)政府定之。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市高級中等以下學校教師聘約準則實施要點第十四點:「教師應不斷檢討改進教學方法、評量方式,充實專業知能,追求專業成長。學校及本局為提升教學品質及維護學生學習權,應與同級教師會擬定教育方案、教學專業視導及評鑑計畫並共同執行。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">舒緒緯(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈台灣地區教師會教育專業權運作之探討〉,《各國教師組織與專業權發展》,台北、高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">397-426</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">420</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">舒緒緯(</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),〈台灣地區教師會教育專業權運作之探討〉,《各國教師組織與專業權發展》,台北、高等教育,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">397-426</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">420</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市高級中等以下學校教師聘約準則實施要點第一點:「新北市政府</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下簡稱本府</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為辦理高級中等以下學校(以下簡稱學校)教師聘任事宜,依教師法施行細則第二十四條第一項之規定,由本府教育局(以下簡稱本局)與新北市教師會(以下簡稱本市教師會)協議,特訂定本要點。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市高級中等以下學校教師聘約準則實施要點第四點:「學校教師聘約之訂定及修正應與學校教師會協議;雙方有爭議時,由本局召集,由當事人雙方、本市教師會及本局共同協商解決之。尚未成立教師會之學校應與教師代表協議,並經校務會議通過。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教師會</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新北市教育人員產業工會會訊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參</span><span lang="EN-US">106</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年度全國教師工會總聯合會</span><span lang="EN-US">Super</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師遴選指標:「</span><span lang="EN-US">Strategic</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超策略、</span><span lang="EN-US">Unique</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超獨特、</span><span lang="EN-US">Passionate</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超熱情、</span><span lang="EN-US">Effective</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超效能、</span><span lang="EN-US">Responsive</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">超感應」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> 106.08.11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺教師</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">字第</span><span lang="EN-US">1060091460B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函,修正「教育部補助教師專業發展評鑑實施要點」,名稱並修正為「教育部補助辦理教師專業發展實踐方案作業要點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Axin/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/53-%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育部</span><span lang="EN-US">106</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日臺教授國部字第</span><span lang="EN-US">1060056432</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函修正並自</span><span lang="EN-US">106</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日生效。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-48501457289868105352017-06-08T20:13:00.003-07:002017-06-08T20:13:28.575-07:00教育職場的工作平等措施需要被合理地對待<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.04; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">針對報載民眾爆料教師申請育嬰留停及侍親假過長,而有政府官員評價「合法但不合理」一事,個人以為,教育主管機關的相關談話,不只打擊學校教師士氣,更有歧視學校工作者之嫌,此種情形顯示公部門主管,對追求職場上性別地位實質平等的認識仍嫌不足。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">留職停薪制度設計是穩定工作職場的社會政策,是文明社會的進步立法。對當事人而言,依法使用「留職停薪」的制度設計,去善盡家庭責任,都是有其不得已的必要考量。容或有可能引起爭議的個案,行政管理本就有准駁之機制,何來「合法但不合理」的質疑?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會大眾對保障工作權的制度設計,應該給予肯定;行政機關的主管或民間企業的管理者,面對員工申請留職停薪,更應予以體察包容,進而支持協助,才能形塑已開發國家文明的人道工作環境。教育行政機關尤應率先為國家勞動職場之先驅,以期引領社會向上、向善發展。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1807b9; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對此,提出以下數點見解,期許促進社會大眾能對此現象的理解與包容。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1807b9; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #1807b9; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、善盡家庭責任的原則下保有工作權是最基本的保障</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1807b9; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對少子化及高齡化的社會現況,在職工作者,往往必須同時負擔育幼及扶老的責任,以善盡其為人父母及子女的角色。因此,性別工作平等法乃有受僱者於育嬰留職停薪期滿後,申請復職時,雇主不得拒絕之規定,以保障受僱者之工作權益。教育人員本就是整個社會體系中的一部,教育人員亦有保障工作權及照顧好家庭成員的需求,就此點而言,教育人員與其它職場的受僱者,並無任何的差異。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #1807b9; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、對教育工作者的差別對待其實等同於是工作歧視</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1807b9; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教育人員留職停薪期間必須停止支薪、亦無累計工作年資,僅於復職時可恢復原職,對於留職停薪的當事人而言是相當不利的;再就,當事人留職停薪期間,其職務亦有專人完整的代理,並未影響其它同事及學生的權益;動輒以教師留職停薪期間影響學生受教權益,或是留職停薪阻礙師資新陳代謝,,實質上是以超乎法令的相關規範要求教師,更是對教育工作者的不公平對待及歧視。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #1807b9; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、合理才能合法、合法自是合理</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1807b9; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就申請程序而言,教師申請留職停薪必須符合一定要件,亦須由學校進行裁量判斷,方得依法申請;個人主觀認定符合要件,並不表示能夠准予留職停薪;如果是資格要件不合理,自亦無合法核可的情形,反言之,合法核可的裁決,自是有其合理的判斷依據。若真有不合理卻合法的裁量時,又豈能歸責於教師個人。就法令是否合理而言,則僅是對立法政策的評價,或是對於促進工作平等措施的具體條文有不同之見解而已。如果銜責推動國家法令的官員,對「留職停薪」的制度設計仍存有是錯誤立法的思維,那是令人憂心的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個人以為,教師也有照顧家庭責任及保障工作權益的需求,此種最基本的保障對待,應該無分受僱者工作之性質;就基本工作權益部份,教育工作者實在無法承受主管機關有超乎法令規範的不合理期待;唯有公部門儘早致力於職場工作平等措施之推動,才能期待建立無職業歧視的社會環境。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-20560049174149855132016-11-07T21:38:00.004-08:002016-11-07T21:38:47.882-08:00私立學校年終獎金問題探討<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-33860517420292787702016-08-25T02:28:00.004-07:002016-08-25T02:31:31.099-07:00工會是與我共存亡的保護傘,不該是比價較競爭的消費品<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-61918660527417748472016-08-25T00:07:00.001-07:002016-08-25T02:38:08.147-07:00業務過失致死罪 及怠忽職守 及怠忽職守 —以教師擔任交通導護為例 <br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-79870436394105571932016-07-09T18:54:00.001-07:002016-07-09T18:54:44.994-07:00再探教師角色與權利—釋字第736號解釋評析<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">再探教師角色與權利<span lang="EN-US">—</span>釋字第<span lang="EN-US">736</span>號解釋評析<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">鄭建信<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">解釋文及理由書摘要<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(一)</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">釋字七三六號解釋文:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本於憲法第十六條有權利即有救濟之意旨,教師認其權利或法律上利益因學校具體措施遭受侵害時,得依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法等有關規定,向法院請求救濟。教師法第三十三條規定:「教師不願申訴或不服申訴、再申訴決定者,得按其性質依法提起訴訟或依訴願法或行政訴訟法或其他保障法律等有關規定,請求救濟。」僅係規定教師權利或法律上利益受侵害時之救濟途徑,並未限制公立學校教師提起行政訴訟之權利,與憲法第十六條保障人民訴訟權之意旨尚無違背。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">(二)</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">理由書摘要:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有權利即有救濟、不得僅因身分或職業之不同即予以限制:憲法第十六條保障人民訴訟權,係指人民於其權利或法律上利益遭受侵害時,有請求法院救濟之權利。基於有權利即有救濟之憲法原則,人民權利或法律上利益遭受侵害時,必須給予向法院提起訴訟,請求依正當法律程序公平審判,以獲及時有效救濟之機會,不得僅因身分或職業之不同即予以限制(本院釋字第四三0號、第六五三號解釋參照)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師法第三十三條並未限制公立學校教師提起行政訴訟之權利:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">教師法第三十三條規定:「教師不願申訴或不服申訴、再申訴決定者,得按其性質依法提起訴訟或依訴願法或行政訴訟法或其他保障法律等有關規定,請求救濟。」僅係規定教師權利或法律上利益受侵害時之救濟途徑,並未限制公立學校教師提起行政訴訟之權利,與憲法第十六條保障人民訴訟權之意旨尚無違背。教師因學校具體措施(諸如曠職登記、扣薪、年終成績考核留支原薪、教師評量等)認其權利或法律上利益受侵害時,自得如一般人民依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法等有關規定,向法院請求救濟,始符合有權利即有救濟之憲法原則。至受理此類事件之法院,對於學校本於專業及對事實真象之熟知所為之判斷,應予以適度之尊重,自屬當然(本院釋字第三八二號、第六八四號解釋參照)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">二、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">評析<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">從文義上看來,本件解釋明白釋示為「合憲」,卻得以導出「教師之權利或法律上利益因學校具體措施遭受侵害時,得依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法等有關規定,向法院請求救濟」之解釋意旨<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,主係認為本件確定終局裁定所適用之「系爭規定」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>並未限制公校教師之訴訟權,實乃確定終局裁定「誤解」大法官解釋,致誤使教師「準用」有關公務人員之規定;但對教師因權利或法律上利益受侵害時,基於憲法第十六條規定<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>之意旨,本解解釋文進行廣義之詮釋。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">湯德宗等大法官即指出:「本解釋明白宣告:法院以後不得再以『特別權力關係』為名,限制『公立學校教師』之『行政訴訟權』。希促成『特別權力關係』之全面檢討。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">蘇永欽大法官陳明:「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本件解釋則明確認定教師法該條文『僅係規定教師權利或法律上利益受侵害時之救濟途徑,並未限制公立學校教師提起行政訴訟之權利』,實質上推翻了兩件確定終局裁判的整個論述。…但本院無權對終審法院的決定作合憲性審查,本件解釋審查的標的當然只限於教師法第三十三條,只是把教師的行政救濟比照公務人員加以限縮,確屬最高行政法院一貫的見解…從這個角度來看,當然也可把本解釋看成對教師法第三十三條的合憲性解釋,也就是不論學校所為行為是否單純管理措施,今後不可逕自比照公務員而不受理教師提起的行政訴訟,才符合憲法的訴訟權保障…。」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>陳敏等大法官亦認為:「本號解釋之文字淺顯,然雲霧繚繞,語意隱晦。固不待言之表面意思:教師法第<span lang="EN-US">33</span>條不違憲;『教師』之權利或法律上利益,因學校具體措施受侵害時,得依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法,向行政法院或一般法院請求權利保護。圖窮匕見之內層意思:『公立學校教師』之權利或法律上利益因學校具體措施受侵害時,得向行政法院提起撤銷訴訟,請求權利保護。欲說還休之深層意思:『公立學校教師』之行政訴訟,不適用公務人員訴訟之限制。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本解釋未能針對教師權益保障中現制不合理與違憲性正面指陳,實是令人扼腕;然而,對於教師法第三十三條合憲性的宣示,可以看出大法官藉由指出法院實務上對教師訴權不當的限制,嘗試解除特別權力關係加諸於教師束縛的努力。細究本號解釋之意旨,對於教師之訴訟權及教師與學校間之關係及其它基本權確實有數項突破之處,以下分而述之:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(一)</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師針對管理措施救濟的限制嚴重違反比例原則<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本件解釋審查標的<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>指出:「<span lang="EN-US"> </span>復參酌司法院釋字第<span lang="EN-US">187</span>號、第<span lang="EN-US">201</span>號、第<span lang="EN-US">243</span>號、第<span lang="EN-US">298</span>號解釋意旨,公務員對於改變身分、影響公法上財產之請求權或對於公務人員有重大影響之懲戒處分,得對之提起行政訴訟程序以資救濟。若未改變公務員身分之記大過、記過處分、考績評定、機關內部所發之職務命令或所提供之福利措施,為公務人員保障法第<span lang="EN-US">77</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項所指之管理措施或工作條件之處置,則不許提起行政訴訟。教師雖非公務人員服務法所稱之公務人員,惟教師所受保障範圍,與公務人員應無不同,自得準用有關公務人員之規定,故關於教師所受工作條件及管理必要之處分,不得提起行政訴訟。」然,事實上,釋字第<span lang="EN-US">308</span>號解釋文:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">公立學校聘任之教師不屬於公務員服務法第二十四條所稱之公務員。惟兼任學校行政職務之教師,就其兼任之行政職務,則有公務員服務法之適用。」早已指出教師並不是公務人員,然而教育事務因為具公共色彩,教師須具備一定能力,長期聘用、給予穩定待遇以安其心,並要求保持較高情操,因此,教育人員的相關法制,在立法習慣上常與公務員法制傾向合流<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。換言之,教師和一般公務員本就屬不同之身分,援引公務員權利救濟的相關法制,做為教師法制的規範,恐已屬不當限制,且有違比例原則。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">進一步而言,比較公務人員與教師對於「具體措施」提供的行政救濟,就公務人員而言,依公務人員保障法第七十七條第一項規定:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">公務人員對於服務機關所為之管理措施或有關工作條件之處置認為不當,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">致影響其權益者,得依本法提起申訴、再申訴。」;同法,第七十八條第二項規定:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">提起申訴,應向服務機關為之。不服服務機關函復者,得於復函送達之次</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">日起三十日內,向保訓會提起再申訴。」教師則依教師法第二十九條規定:「教師對主管教育行政機關或學校有關其個人之措施,認為違法或不當,致損其權益者,得向各級教師申訴評議委員會提出申訴。教師申訴評議委員會之組成應包含該地區教師組織或分會代表及教育學者,且未兼行政教師不得少於總額的三分之二,但有關委員本校之申訴案件,於調查及訴訟期間,該委員應予迴避;其組織及評議準則由教育部定之。」同法,第三十條規定:「教師申訴評議委員會之分級如下:一、專科以上學校分學校及中央兩級。二、高級中等以下學校分縣<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>市<span lang="EN-US">) </span>、省<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>市<span lang="EN-US">)</span>及中央三級。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">公務員與教師針對服務機關所提供的工作條件及所為的管理,給予「申訴」與「再申訴」的行政救濟,公務員管理措施的終局救濟機關設在保訓會、教師則設在中央申評會。二者之法制頗為相同,然,公務人員保障暨培訓委員會係設在考試院下的獨立機關</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">,其委員之遴用資格為</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">曾任簡任職六年以上,成績卓著,而有專門著作者。」、「曾任教育部審定合格之公私立大學教授六年以上,對文官制度或法律學科著有研究者。」、「具有人事行政或法學之相關學識專長,聲譽卓著,而有專門著作者。」、「有關機關副首長。」保訓會之定位與性質有被認為「準司法機關」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。而教師申訴評議委員會,仍是行政體系內組織的委員會<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。換言之,同樣是二級的申訴制度,公務人員的終局救濟機關有準司法性質,而教師只能停留在行政機關內部。蘇永欽大法官即指出:「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師因為學校管理措施或工作條件的處置違法時,就不能如同一般人民一樣向法院提起訴訟,而只能止於教育行政體系內的再申訴程序;同樣不能請求法院救濟的公務人員,另有為體現人民服公職權而在獨立於行政體系的考試院下設置的保訓會作為終局救濟機關,體制上又不能澤被比附過來的教師,教師左比右比都有不足,怎能說不是不當的牽拖?」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">司法體制之轉引規定<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師法第三十三條雖規定:「<span style="background: white;">教師不願申訴或不服申訴、再申訴決定者,得按其性質依法提起訴訟或依訴願法或行政訴訟法或其他保障法律等有關規定,請求救濟。」換言之,公私立教師的多重訴訟救濟管道,包含了申訴<span lang="EN-US">(</span>再申訴<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、行政救濟與民事訴訟。事實上,</span>教師申訴評議委員會組織及評議準則第十六規定:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「提起申訴之教師就申訴案件或相牽連之事件,同時或先後另行提起訴願、行政訴訟、民事訴訟、刑事訴訟,或依勞資爭議處理法申請調解、仲裁或裁決者,應即以書面通知申評會。」,亦可看出教師多之救濟途徑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">目前實務的運作上,所謂「按其性質」得提起行政訴訟進行救濟者為:<span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>改變教師之身分關係,直接影響其服公職之權利者;或<span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>對教師之公法上財產請求權受到影響者;<span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>對於教師有重大影響之懲戒處分者<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。非屬前述三類者,則不許提起行政訴訟。然而,所謂「按其性質」,僅係我國司法審判權劃分為普通法院及行院法院,按其性質並無實質內容,僅為轉引規定。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>因此,本件解釋重申憲法第十六條<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,保障人民訴訟權之意旨,明確釋示:「教師之權利或法律上利益因學校具體措施遭受侵害時,得依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法等有關規定,向法院請求救濟。」湯德宗等大法官認為:「使用『學校具體措施』一詞,乃為打破前此公校區分『行政處分』與『管理措施』,僅許教師就前者提起行政訴訟之傳統思維,使公校教師就一切具體之學校決定,均得依法提起訴訟<span lang="EN-US">(</span>民事訴訟或行政訴訟<span lang="EN-US">)</span>」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不因公私校的教師身分而有不同限制<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">按現行司法二元體制,私校教師與學校乃屬私校契約,如有爭執循民事訴訟管道救濟;至於公立學校教師與學校間,則多認屬行政契約,依行政訴訟解決爭議。但陳敏等大法官指出:「依現行法制,存在公立學校與教師間者,係以行政契約性質之聘約建立之公法法律關係,惟仍可能在個別事件成立私法法律關係(例如宿舍借用、損害公物之賠償事件)。存在私立學校教師與學校間者,係以私法性質之聘約建立之私法法律關係,惟仍可能在個別事件成立公法法律關係(例如受教師法規範之解聘、停聘、不予續聘、
不予升等事件)。私立學校教師與學校間之法律爭執,屬公法性質者,得提起行政訴訟;私法性質者,得提起民事訴訟,乃屬當然…<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>」,林俊益大法官亦認為:「系爭規定<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>非但未限制『公立學校』教師提起行政訴訟之權利,亦未限制『私立學校』教師提起行政訴訟之權稅。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提起行政訴訟之限制<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">公立學校教師對學校內部管理措施得提起行政訴訟,本件解釋文理由書第二段末即釋明:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">至受理此類事件之法院,對於學校本於專業及對事實真象之熟知所為之判斷,應予以適度之尊重,自屬當然(本院釋字第三八二號、第六八四號解釋參照)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」。林俊益大法官即指出:「基於學校對教師之諸多具體措施,涉及專業及對事實真象之熟知所為之判斷,應認享有專業判斷餘地<span lang="EN-US">(</span>例如學校對教師之懲處,屬於高度屬人性之評定,學校教評會容有判斷餘地,應予以適當尊重,法院對系爭行政行為合法性,採取較低之審查密度<span lang="EN-US">)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>」;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">羅昌發等大法官認為:「然公立學校教師如欲對學校內部管理處置提起行政爭訟,仍須說明其何種權利或法律上利益受侵害;此為門檻之一。如有權利或法律上利益受侵害,受理之法院,仍必須適度尊重學校之專業判斷…;僅於其判斷或裁量違法或顯然不當時,得予撤銷或變更…;此為門檻之二。於學校處置確有違法或顯然不當時,倘若仍不予救濟,實有違有權利即有救濟之憲法意旨;倘若學校處置並無違法或顯然不當,則教師縱有爭訟權,然學校之專業處置仍將獲得法院之尊重,無損於學校行政管理。學校教師與學校間不存在單純之
服從關係。將來行政法院不應再以公立學校教師與學校之間內部管理處置不得爭訟為由,因而將訴訟以不合法為理由駁回;而應實體審理學校處置究竟有無違法或顯然不當。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(三)</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師身份之轉化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師錯誤的自我定位<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">釋字第三○八號解釋文:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">公立學校聘任之教師不屬於公務員服務法第二十四條所稱之公務員。惟兼任學校行政職務之教師,就其兼任之行政職務,則有公務員服務法之適用。…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」其理由書敘明:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">公立學校聘任之教師係基於聘約關係,擔任教學研究工作,與文武職公務員執行法令所定職務,服從長官監督之情形有所不同,故聘任之教師應不屬於公務員服務法第二十四條所稱之公務員。…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」。但實務上卻比附援引公務人員的法制並依司法院釋字一八七號、第二○一號、第二四三號、第二九八號有關公務人員訴訟權解釋的意旨,因此本件七三六號解釋系爭裁定即<span style="background: white;">從兩點論證:一、教師受保障範圍,與公務人員並無不同;學校是機關,因此學校教師具有公法法律關係,地位等同公務員。裁定文略以:「</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教師雖非公務人員服務法所稱之公務人員,惟教師所受保障範圍,與公務人員應無不同,自得準用有關公務人員之規定,故關於教師所受工作條件及管理必要之處分,不得提起行政訴訟</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">顯然,儘管釋字三○八早已將公教分流,但實務上適用該規定時,往往囿於傳統或修正之特別權力關之見解,反而將教師法提供教師多元救濟途徑解釋為,「並非均得提起行政訴訟請求救濟」、「須視事件的性質」而定,從而限制教師的訴訟權<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,而「按其性質」一語,即可提供將軍公教人員體制一體看待,將公務員的權利義務關係,準用在教師之上,留下了可操作限制教師訴訟權的把柄的「病源禍根」<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。但如此比附援引不只司法者受到誤導,在法律適用上做不當的牽拖,也造成被規範者自我定位的錯覺<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">特別權力關係的解構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">教師雖不是公務人員,但教育工作但有強烈的「公共」色彩,教師一方面為協助國家履行憲法<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>義務的專業人員;另一方面,教育事務基於憲法之規定,對教育人員有一定之考核、獎懲、保障及權利救濟法制<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,因此往往以「特別權力關係」之見解,規範國家與教師之間的關係。陳新民大法官認為:「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">特別權力關係理論,最重要的概念<span lang="EN-US">──</span>不承認公務人員能和一般人民一樣擁有最充分的權利保障與救濟地位,千方百計創造出此種公法理論來合理化這種將公務員視為當權者『奴僕』的角色。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>」<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">湯德宗等大法官指出:「相較於一般國民與國家間之『一般權力關係』,特別權力關係之臣屬者須受三項特殊限制(亦稱特別權力關係三特徵):一、臣屬者不得以憲法上之基本權利對抗(侷限)國家公權力之行使;二、國家得以行政命令訂定規範,管理權力臣屬者,無需法律之授權,不適用『法律保留原則』;三、臣屬者對於國家之管理處置
如有不服,僅得在行政體系內部進行救濟(如申訴或訴願),不得向(行政)法院提起行政訴訟。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>」<span style="background: white;">陳新民大法官也認為:「</span>本號解釋的標的,乃觸及傳統特別權力關係理論之體系的一環。在該體系內,公務員、公立學校教師、公共機構<span lang="EN-US">(</span>公營造物<span lang="EN-US">)</span>內的規範對象<span lang="EN-US">─</span>如學生或監獄受刑人等,都是受到此理論的約束而無法如一般人民般,對公權力機關所為的措施,視為行政處分而得提起訴願與行政訴訟<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">羅昌發等大法官指出:「本號解釋雖未明示公立學校教師不再準用公務員;然透過『教師認其權利或法律上利益因學校具體措施遭受侵
害時,得依行政訴訟法或民事訴訟法等有關規定,向法院請求救濟』之宣示,賦予公立學校教師與一般人民享有相同程度及內涵之訴訟權,並因而使公立學校教師與公務員之保障與限制脫鉤;使公立學校教師不再準用有關公務員爭訟權受限制之規定。<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>」;羅昌發等大法官並認為:「本號解釋使公立學校教師與公務員之保障及限制脫鉤,並因而使教師脫離特別權力關係之束縛:前述特別權力關係,原來並未涵蓋學校與教師間之關係。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">蔡明誠大法官則認為:「本件解釋認不得僅因身分或職業關係之不
同,即限制人民依法律所定程序提起訴願或訴訟,在此情形,教師權利保護與司法救濟途徑是否准許,視對教師所為具體措施內容而定,此似有意揚棄或避開以身分或職業作為判斷標準之傳統或修正特別權力關係理論。」;湯德宗等大法官則明白指出:「本解釋明白宣告:法院以後不得再以『特別權力關係』
為名,限制『公立學校教師』之『行政訴訟權』。希促成『特別權力關係』之全面檢討。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">特別權力關係解構對教師而言的實質意義為何?簡單地說,就是把教師當做一般人民看待,教師的訴訟權不再因司法解釋而受到公務員法的限制。原來法院實務上限制了教師法第三十三條教師應有之訴訟權,顯然違反法律保留、平等原則、比例原則<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">當教師與學校間的「特別權力關係」解除,未來處理學校教師關係的法律救濟問題,就應該回歸到契約自治的原則。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">湯德宗等大法官即認為:「今後教師既不再『準用』公務員關係,學校行使「公權力」自應以法律明文授權者為限(例如大學辦理教師升等審查,本院釋字第四六二號解釋參見),公校與教師之關係當如私校與教師般,回歸以契約(聘約)規範為原則。主管機關與教師工會當可協商議定更對等而合理之契約條款,明確規範彼此之權利、義務關係。庶幾各種爭議(如近日有關教師有無「導護」義務者)可減至最少。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">進一步而言,教師基於集體受雇者之身分,亟需透過一個集體協商的方式與雇主達成合意,建構一個透過團體協約自治的穩定環境,教師於憲法基本權的社會權<span lang="EN-US">(</span>勞動權<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,應該要獲得更具體的提升。釋字第三七三號解釋文理由書指出:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">憲法第十四條規定人民有結社之自由。第一百五十三條第一項復規定國家為改良勞工之生活,增進其生產技能,應制定保護勞工之法律,實施保護勞工之政策。從事各種職業之勞動者,為改善勞動條件,增進其社會及經濟地位,得組織工會,乃現代法治國家普遍承認之勞工基本權利,亦屬憲法上開規定意旨之所在。國家制定有關工會之法律,應於兼顧社會秩序及公共利益前提下,使勞工享有團體交涉及爭議等權利。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而劉鐵錚及戴東雄兩位大法官的不同意見書中更指出:「</span><span style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); font-family: 新細明體, serif;">勞動者之結社權毋寧為其生存權之重要部分。蓋勞動結社權與一般結社權不同,勞動結社權與團體交涉權及爭議權(罷工),在行使上有結合之關係,在結構上有連繫之關係,此勞動三權,或稱為勞工之集體基本權。勞動三權在概念上雖有分別,但在發揮實現其集體勞工之生存權及工作權之功能上,則絕不可分割而任缺其一,同為保障勞工生存,維護勞工權益之有力憑藉。不透過團結權即無以行使團體交涉權;無團體交涉權,爭議權即無著力之點。如果勞動者只有團結權,而無團體交涉權與爭議權,則工會組織與勞工之其他聯誼性組織,將無所區別,豈不盡失其為生存權之重大意義!又如何企盼其獲致其合理之權益?」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本件解釋雖宣稱解除對教師訴訟權之不當限制,但現階段教師的勞動三權仍然殘缺不全;欲讓學校與教師回歸契約自治規範,就必須重新檢討對教師勞動三權的不當限制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指教師法第三十三條。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">憲法第十六條,人民有請願、訴願及訴訟之權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">湯德宗大法官提出、陳碧玉大法官加入、黃虹霞大法官加入之釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">蘇永欽大法官提出之釋字第七三六號協同同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最高行政法院</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年度裁字第</span><span lang="EN-US">974</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳敏大法官提出、陳春生大法官加入、黃璽君大法官加入之釋字第七三六號解釋不同意見書,,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<pre style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">公務人員保障暨培訓委員會組織法第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>條,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">本法依考試院組織法第六條規定制定之。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,公務人員保障暨培訓委員會組織法第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法治斌</span><span lang="EN-US">(2002)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。「論行政法院對人事行政裁量及不確定法律概念之審查</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">權限</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從公務人員制度之多元複合價值談貣」。載於司法院</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">編</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,行政訴訟論文彙編</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人事行政爭訟</span><span lang="EN-US">(1-40 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師申訴評議委員會組織及評議準則,第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項規定:「</span><span style="font-family: 細明體;">各級主管機關申評會置委員十五人至二十一人,均為無給職,任期二年,由機關首長遴聘教師、教育學者、該地區教師組織或分會代表、主管機關代表、社會公正人士擔任,其中未兼行政職務之教師不得少於委員總額三分之二;任一性別委員應占委員總數三分之一以上。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">蘇永欽大法官提出之釋字第七三六號協同同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">林俊益大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前註,第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條,人民有請願、訴願及訴訟之權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">湯德宗大法官提出、陳碧玉大法官加入、黃虹霞大法官加入之釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳敏大法官提出、陳春生大法官加入、黃璽君大法官加入之釋字第七三六號解釋不同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指教師法第三十三條。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">林俊益大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅昌發大法官提出、黃虹霞大法官加入釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,蔡明誠大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,陳新民大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋部分不同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,蘇永欽大法官提出之釋字第七三六號協同同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">憲法第二十一條規定:「人民有受國民教育之權利與義務。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">憲法第一百六十五條規定:「國家應保障教育、科學、藝術工作者之生活,並依國民經濟之進展,隨時提高其待遇。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳新民大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋部分不同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">20-21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">湯德宗大法官提出、陳碧玉大法官加入、黃虹霞大法官加入之釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3-4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,陳新民大法官提出釋字第七三六號解釋部分不同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅昌發大法官提出、黃虹霞大法官加入釋字第七三六號解釋協同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/47-%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%97736.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,蘇永欽大法官提出之釋字第七三六號協同同意見書,第</span><span lang="EN-US">11-13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">頁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-83674307916348740832016-07-09T18:53:00.000-07:002016-07-09T18:53:10.598-07:00調整步伐風雨同行<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師法主要規範專任教師之基本權利義務事項,工會三法的相關法制,則以保障教育受雇者工作及生活為其內涵,使教育工作者之專業角色及受雇者身分能相容於教育職場;相較於教師會僅能由「公、私立學校編制內專任教師」組成</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,工會則由由全體教育受雇者為組織範圍,包容所有教育職場的受雇者。因此,教師會與工會的整合運作的健全與否,對教育環境穩定、教育專業提升、受雇者工作生活穩定,有其積極的角色及功能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">工會是團結個別教育受雇者的公益組織</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">釋字</span><span lang="EN-US">373</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">從事各種職業之勞動者,為改善勞動條件,增進其社會及經濟地位,得組織工會,乃現代法治國家普遍承認之勞工基本權利。」。大法官劉鐵錚、戴東雄更於同釋字之不同意見書表示:「應准許勞動者組織工會,使藉團體力量以維護其應得之利益;又所謂經濟基本權,即泛指生存權、工作權與財產權之保障,其對勞動者而言,則指勞動權之保障,經濟基本權,實即生存權。均在闡明勞動者組成工會之憲法上之涵義。」勞動部</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">則認為:「依據工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">5</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">6</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">條,為促進勞工團結,提升勞工地位及改善勞工生活,工會之任務及其目的觀之,其係爭取及保障勞工權益為目的,依其任務及民法分類規定,應屬公益法人。簡而言之,工會實係個別受雇者透過團結權之行使,透過工會取得與雇主平等互動的機會,以求保障受雇者之生存權,工會依工會法第二條規定為法人,實係工會組織具有一定之公益性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">內部民主化才能維持公益性</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">縁於工會具公益目的之性質,其設定及運作均應依工會法之規定,依具運作民主之原則、遵守章程規範,建立內部委任之執行機關及監督機制,定期召集理事會、監事會、會員</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">代表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">大會,並依相關的議事程序規範,達到運作民主化的目標。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">再參見民法第四十九條</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">之立法理由:「謹按社團內部之組織、及社團與社員相互間之關係,使得以章程定之者,蓋欲使法人易於行動也。然認此法則而若無限制,則有害於益。故以不違反第五十條至第五十八條之規定為限,使章程不致與法律牴觸也。」另,工會法第十八條第一項規定:「會員大會或會員代表大會休會期間,由理事會處理工會一切事務。」再依,同法第十九條第二項規定,「工會會員參加工業團體或商業團體者,不得為理事或監事、常務理事、常務監事、副理事長、理事長或監事會召集人。」查其立法理由,係基於工會會員純粹性與工會運作獨立性原則,並避免工會為工業團體或商業團體所把持。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">續上而言,工會基於其自主獨立性之運作及運作之效能,平時由理事會推動會務,為免於工會會員為雇主所把持,對理監事之有消極資格之限制。但工會會務內部運作,須以民主自治為其實踐原則,工會法對於工會運作的基本規範,即在於避免少數工會主事者長期把持會務,將會務連繫重在內部連帶關係之建立,而規避正常制度運作下的監督,進而阻礙了內部民主運作,而有違工會之公益性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">簡言之,理監事的權力來自於會員的賦與,唯有會員透過民主一監督機制,才能節制理監事的權力,而維持工會的公益價值。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">工會運作須以工會宗旨為念</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">工會為達成其維護及促進勞動條件及經濟條件為其主要目的,但工會必須附帶地推動福利事業並參與政治及社會活動,共同關心社會議題,並負擔協助立法機關推動立法之相關角色</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">;黃越欽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">(2015)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">進一步指出,工會之消極條件之一為:「不得以政治運動或社會運動為主要目的:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工會既然係以勞動條件之維持與改善及經濟地位之向上為目的,自然以此為宗旨,與政治運動或社會運動不同,尤其工會有爭議權作為達成目的之合法手段,自須審慎為之,否則,如以爭議權之行使作為政治運動或社會運動之手段,則不僅與工會之宗旨不符且易造成社會當事人混淆或社會秩序之混亂。</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">。因此,工會會務推動,因時時以改善會員工作條件為念,會務人員必須過各種活動方式讓會員的想法得以表明,藉由內部透明化之運作,使會員對組織運作能透過互信、建立命運共同體之心理交流,強化工會主要功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">新北教產做為新北市最大的教育人員團結體,內部運作更應強調民主交流,包容大專、高中職、國中、國小、幼保不同學習階段的夥伴,體察公、勞保體系之差異,理解公私立學校受雇者的困境,團結一體,互相扶助,實踐工會章程的宗旨與任務。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">代結語</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">—</span></b><b><span style="font-family: , serif; font-size: 14pt;">制度化的全面參與</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">隨著全球化趨勢的席捲、網路解構了知識取得的管道,教育工作者面臨學校教育型態的轉化,未來工作的困境及專業論述的挑戰,必將愈形艱困,透過工會集體力量發聲,將更為必要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">工會會員的世代包含初入職場之青年夥伴,於職場耕耘數十載的資深同伴;會員聘雇的類型,有專任、專職者,有代理、代課、社團教師等非典受雇者。工會的異質組成,必須透過全面性的對話與參與,建立會員認同感,增強內部凝聚力,激勵會員的參與熱忱與潛力,才能使工會組織不斷地進化;工會得能人,固為有幸,但正常運作的內部制度,有其自我生命力,但才能使組織生生不息,一棒接一棒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">教師法第<span lang="EN-US">3</span>條,「</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">本法於公立及已立案之私立學校編制內,按月支給待遇,並依法取得教師資格之專任教師適用之」;教育法施行細則第<span lang="EN-US">26</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項,「學校教師會由同一學校(含附設幼兒園)專任教師三十人以上依人民團體法規定組成之,冠以學校名稱,執行本法第二十七條各款任務。」</span><br /><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">民法第<span lang="EN-US">49</span>條規定:「</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">社團之組織及社團與社員之關係,以不違反第五十條至第五十八條之規定為限,得以章程定之。</span>」</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">373</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號解釋文:「</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">工會法第四條規定:「各級政府行政及教育事業、軍火工業之員工,不得組織工會」,其中禁止教育事業技工、工友組織工會部分,因該技工、工友所從事者僅係教育事業之服務性工作,依其工作之性質,禁止其組織工會,使其難以獲致合理之權益,實已逾越憲法第二十三條之必要限度,侵害從事此項職業之人民在憲法上保障之結社權,應自本解釋公布之日起,至遲於屆滿一年時,失其效力。惟基於教育事業技工、工友之工作性質,就其勞動權利之行使有無加以限制之必要,應由立法機關於上述期間內檢討修正,併此指明。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見工會法第</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條、第</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">條。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,楊通軒</span><span lang="EN-US">(2012)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,集體勞工法</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">理論與實務,台北,五南,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">92-102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Asus%20note/Dropbox/%E6%92%B0%E6%96%87/46-%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%90%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%A8%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見,黃越欽</span><span lang="EN-US">(2105)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,勞動法新論,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">413</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-73372960015707706842016-07-09T18:40:00.001-07:002016-08-25T02:39:34.507-07:00教師工會團體協約創造和諧安定的校園工作環境<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-65986856017718016252015-09-04T20:09:00.004-07:002015-10-04T20:56:53.389-07:00從「禁止搭便車」談「勞動意識的建立與教育」<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; padding: 0cm;">禁止搭便車的目的在維護團結權</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #313131; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; padding: 0cm;">因宜蘭縣教師團體協約的簽訂,近來有關教師的工作條件,得否因團體協約之約定內容,而有工會會員與非會員間的差異,引起廣泛討論。團體協約法第十三條規定「團體協約得約定,受該團體協約拘束之雇主,非有正當理由,不得對所屬非該團體協約關係人之勞工,就該團體協約所約定之勞動條件,進行調整。但團體協約另有約定,非該團體協約關係人之勞工,支付一定之費用予工會者,不在此限。」查其立法理由略以,「配合工會組織多元化及自由化,避免企業內團體協約簽訂後,受團體協約拘束之雇主,對所屬非團體協約關係人之勞工,就團體協約所約定之勞動條件事項,進行調整,而導致勞工間不正當競爭,間接損及工會協商權及阻卻勞工加入工會,爰增訂團體協約得約定受該團體協約拘束之雇主,非有正當理由,不得對所屬非團體協約關係人之勞工,調整該團體協約所約定之勞動條件。惟為避免因前開之約定,間接造成非團體協約關係人之勞工,其合理權益有受損害之虞,爰另為但書之除外規定。」簡而言之,為保障工會協商的之成果,禁止非會員以搭便車的方式,享受工會的努力成果,團體協約法第十三條,乃有「禁止搭便車」之規範內容,以保障並促進工會之團結權及協商權。另一方面,校園內每個教師之「工作條件」,或因兼任行政與否、年資差異、任教科別、服務年段…,本來就有差異的存在;未來因團體協約的簽訂而有會員與非會員的不同,本來也就並無特別之處。主張會員與非會員的工作條件不同,將造成學校管理困擾,未免言過其實,且明顯有針對性。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #313131; font-family: 標楷體; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">勞動三權是基本人權<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">實際上,勞工組織工會之「結社自由與團結權保護」及「組織權與團體協商權」早於國際勞工組織第<span lang="EN-US">87</span>號公約及第<span lang="EN-US">98</span>號公約規範,認定為國際公認之勞動標準;透過受雇者透過組織工會來爭取或保障自身權益,在德國及及日本的憲法中均有明文規定,屬於國民之基本人權。而在釋字<span lang="EN-US">373</span>號大法官劉鐵鈕、戴東雄之不同意見書亦說明:「</span></b><b><span style="background: #F8F8F8; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #313131; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; padding: 0cm;">蓋勞動結社權與一般結社權不同,勞動結社權與團體交涉權及爭議權(罷工),在行使上有結合之關係,在結構上有連繫之關係,此勞動三權,或稱為勞工之集體基本權。<span lang="EN-US">…</span>我國之工會法即係具體實踐勞動結社權,保障勞動者生存權、工作權之重要立法,」又依釋字第<span lang="EN-US">538</span>號謝在全大法官協商意見書表示略以「</span></b><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">本院上述解釋於目前將憲法上工作權保障定位為自由權性質,應無礙於其向兼具受益權性質。」。因此,透過「受益權」理念,保障生存權、工作權、財產權之勞動三權可謂是調整國民經濟生活之社會權、亦等同於由生存權、工作權、財產權等憲法保障之基本人權。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #313131; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">建立教師勞動意識刻不容緩</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">依據教育部<span lang="EN-US">103</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日,十二年國教課程綱要總綱<span lang="EN-US">(</span>以下簡稱「總綱」<span lang="EN-US">)</span>之修訂背景,「近年來…新興工作不斷增加、民主參與更趨蓬勃、社會正義的意識覺醒、生態永續發展益受重視,加上『全球化』與『國際化』所帶來的轉變,使得學校教育面臨諸多挑戰,必須因應社會需求與時代潮流而與時俱進。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">又依總綱之基本理念所示,「本課程綱要以『成就每一個孩子<span lang="EN-US">--</span>適性揚才、終身學習』為願景, …成為具有社會適應力與應變力的終身學習者,期使個體與群體的生活和生命更為美好。」而總綱之課程目標亦指出,為促進生涯發展…並建立「尊嚴勞動」的觀念,淬鍊出面對生涯挑戰與國際競合的勇氣與知能,以適應社會變遷與世界潮流,且願意嘗試引導變遷潮流。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">面對未來全球化所帶來勞資結構之改變,受雇者個人的弱勢力量,若非藉著集體勞動之力,實無可能以一己之力面對未來產業對個人的衝擊,為適應未來全球化帶來勞資結構之衝擊,我們必須要培育下一代尊重欣賞不同職業,除了要指導學生了解基本勞動相關法令外,還須讓他們了解如何透過團結權保障權利,解決紛爭。如此,方得適應未來勞動形態的改變,追求幸福的未來。</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">因之,就十二年課程綱要協助學生適應未來職涯生活之實踐而言,至少應協助學生認知「每個受教者了解基本之勞動人權及勞動權益,使其成為具有社會適應力與應變力的終身學習者,以求能追求未來美好之生命與生活。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">代結語<span lang="EN-US">--</span>身體力行,參與實踐</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 標楷體; padding: 0cm;">教師勞動條件的提升,適足以維護學生受教權,給予學子更理想之學習環境;教師本身透過參與工會,方得以設身處地去了解受雇者所面臨之困境與衝擊;藉由勞權的實踐與挑戰,進一步釐清自身之勞動意識,深化勞動人權概念。為建構未來和諧自治的共好社會,教師應該身體力行,秉於勞資自治精神,與學校為共構理想工作情境與教學環境而努力;教師不該只是傳授知識、指導學問,教師更應該是個理想實踐家,引領學生參與社會實踐工作,為建立未來美好之社會齊心努力。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-89030508146662733952015-08-17T09:01:00.003-07:002015-08-17T09:01:41.645-07:00課綱微調爭議應回歸教育本質<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新北市教師會暨新北市教育人員產業工會
聯合新聞稿</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">課綱微調爭議應回歸教育本質</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">近日課綱微調之紛擾,已愈演愈烈,造成社會動盪不安,新北市教師會及新北市教育人員產業工會已於今年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月份<span lang="EN-US">(104</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日【誠心溝通 修正瑕疵 尊重專業 正視課綱微調造成的不安】,詳附件<span lang="EN-US">)</span>發出信聞稿,共同呼籲各界正視面對課綱微調所生爭議;但見近日課綱爭議持續延燒,乃再次發出以下幾點呼籲,期待「課綱微調爭議應回歸教育本質」,並盼望各界能擱置爭議,儘速減少社會紛擾及使校園重獲安寧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一、培養能思考、肯包容的下一代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">歷史教學的目的是培養學生以古鑑今的批判思考能力及兼容並蓄的多元觀點,不同歷史的詮釋角度,反映出不同國族立場與史觀之見解,歷史教育不該停留在灌輸特定的史觀,而是要讓學生從歷史素材中,認識了解生長土地的人文與歷史脈絡,培養其對生長之地的關懷與包容,進而認識自我,了解我族與歷史中的定位。臺灣這塊土地,是近代歷史輻湊之處,原住民或先民或今移民來自不同歷史脈絡,唯有讓下一代對這塊土地愈加完整的了解,才能培養出包容多元族群的價值觀,亦才能在世界歷史的洪流中,找到個人與國族的定位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二、儘速擱置爭議,積極化解紛擾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">此次課綱微調爭議陡起之因,係因法院認定課綱屬重大的公共事務,微調課綱之過程應更廣納眾議;因此,教育部實須有必正視問題,針對課綱微調爭議所在,進行修正;日前宣佈新舊課綱併行之做法,應該是調整作為的重要一步,下一步應慎重考慮將微調課綱交由依高級中等教育法施行後之課審會,接受專業審查,補行必要審議程序。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三、多一些包容,少一些鼓動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中學生願意對社會議題關注,甚至投入實踐,是值得肯定的,終究國家社會的未來仍須下一代撐持,唯有今日關心國族的新生代,國家才能邁向光明的新未來;因此,在中小學的教育階段,我們應該給予這些孩子有犯錯的機會,在法制遵行與意見表達間的落差應該更寬容;然而,正因為中學生仍處於思想啟蒙階段,對社會議題本身背後不同的意識型態,甚而是政治力量的影響,往往未能充分察覺,中學生又正值人生青春狂飆階段,往往情緒勝過理智而易於衝動行事,甚而有違犯法令之行為;因此,針對與中學生參與社會議題,師長及家人宜與學生及子女多加充分討論,培養其思考批判能力,對於尚處中學階段,甚至有許多是年齡尚未達到法定行為能力與責任能力年齡的學子,實應避免鼓動其抗爭的情形,讓這些孩子有更長一些的時間學習關心社會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四、本土化要避免國家意識型態的操作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">教育學子認識自我生活環境的人文、地理、歷史…,再進一步地去認識並了解世界,成為熱愛鄉土,卻有世界觀的國際公民,應是符合教育原理的。台灣雖為海島,卻有多元族群共生共榮;幅員雖小,卻是四面環海與世界接軌,培養愛鄉土、愛國家,而視野開闊的下一代,是這塊土地未來領導者,以及第一線教育工作者努力以赴的方向。至於本土化的內涵是否要「去除中國化」,或是要「走向大中國化」;抑或是「懷想殖民統治」還是「唾棄殖民割據」…,類似此種國家意識型態之介入,應該盡量減少;本土化的內涵何不讓下一代從理解中找出一條兼容並蓄之路。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五、尊重第一線教師專業自主權</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">再次強調,教育基本法第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>條載明「教師之專業自主權應予尊重」;教師法第<span lang="EN-US">16</span>條亦規定「教師之『教學』及對學生之輔導依法令及學校章則享有專業自主。」;而高級中等教育法第<span lang="EN-US">49</span>條亦規定「高級中等學校教科用書應由各學校公開選用;其選用規定,由學校訂定,經校務會議通過實施。」因此,深盼各界不論就教材選擇、自編或是課程講授等層面,能充份尊重基層教師之專業自主權,避免不當之干預及介入,方為學生之幸,人民之福。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-45101873519576634892015-08-17T08:57:00.002-07:002015-08-17T08:57:17.729-07:00誠心溝通 修正瑕疵 尊重專業 正視課綱微調造成的不安(104年6月9日)<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新北市教師會暨新北市教育人員產業工會 聯合新聞稿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">【誠心溝通 修正瑕疵 尊重專業 正視課綱微調造成的不安】</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">年高中歷史課綱微調,以驚人的效率,通過微調,即已引起各界之疑慮;又經臺北高等行政法院判決認定,「未能適當公開相關資訊之做法,有違政府資訊公開法,並影響社會之公益,造成大眾的不安與猜疑」;現已於高中職校園引發風波,學生紛紛於社群網站成立群組抗議,本會呼籲各界應認真面對問題,還給校園安靜的學習環境,並建議如下:
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">一、高級中等教育法第<span lang="EN-US"> 49 </span>條明確的表達,「高級中等學校教科用書 應由各學校公開選用;其選用規定,由學校訂定,經校務會議 通過後實施」,教師法第十六條也明定教師擁有專業自主權。
本會深昐各界相信並尊重教師專業,在學校教科書選用上,應 尊重基層教師的專業見解,各界應完全尊重各校教師自主選書 或自編教材之專業自主權,特別是地方主管機關更不應以行政
介入,或試圖透過行政指導進行干預。 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">二、教育部於今日起於北中南辦理分區校園座談會,座談不應該是
單向的說明,座談不應該是虛應故事,是溝通就必須誠心聆聽,是溝通就必須有調整的可能。教育部應彙集分區座談會之意見,並送交依據高級中等教育法<span lang="EN-US"> 43 </span>條設立之課審會進行複議,以弭平各方爭議,讓校園及各界回復正常運作狀況。 <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">三、課綱之修正及研擬,事涉社會公益,為眾人關心之公共議題,
教育部不應僅以「合法」、「合程序」之最低標準,逕交轄下之 課程審議委員會審議通過為已足。 本會建議明年總統大選的各方候選人,應針對課程審議委員會之 定位表達明確立場;本會亦將明確要求課程審議委員會之位階應
超然中立,其成員尤應能充分反映專業見解,理解不同意見立 場;課程審議委員會亦應定期運作,適時回應社會各界對課程的意見與期待。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-39512113272644533652015-08-17T08:43:00.001-07:002015-08-17T08:43:40.428-07:00淺論教師的工會認同<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教師得以組織及加入工會已進入第五年,教師加入工會的人數亦是逐年增加,在教師工會如此蓬勃的發展下,教師的「工會認同」是否就能隨之自然形成?茲就以下數點進行觀察。</span>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">受雇者需要集體力量</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">整體而言,教師的工作穩定及平均收入較一般勞工為高,而教育產業之特殊性,使得教師在工作場域多數時間面對的是權力結構中較為弱勢的學生,教師在工作場所的被剝奪感亦相對較低。加上,教師個人的權利義務事項多受法令的規範,教師個人權利受侵害,亦有申訴管道的提供。因此,不少教師對於自己的工作,有一種「非屬勞工階級」的自我意識。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,教師無法脫離身為受僱者的事實,教師個人針對勞動條件的主張,往往只能無疾而終;教師工作聘約的簽訂,雖強調當事人有同等的議約地位,但實際上只能屈服於學校單方面的決定。如同所有勞工,教師個人也會面對既有體系的不公,或是學校的惡意對待,教師雖有申訴的管道,但多數情形是,學校只能不祭出行政處分,教師的申訴就不受理;教師只能個人與學校持續對抗。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過工會力量維護專業自主</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從事教育工作,以專業的教育工作者自許,不停地朝著專業發展而努力,是多數教育工作夥伴在職涯目標與歷程。反對教師加入工會者多主張,教師加入工會,是一種白領普羅化的墮落,與教師專業化的方向背離。事實上,教師不僅是受僱者,亦是專業人士,教師專業的實踐,必須正須透過爭取專業自主而落實。近年來,教師專業自主權被強調績效、評鑑、技術化的教師角色取代,已在基層教育現場造成了災難;當教師的專業自主權正不斷地受到非專業力量的侵害與箝制,學生的受教權益就會受到影響。賦與教師專業自主權的目的,是希望透過教師的專業自主權,能使學生免受到非教學相關的的干擾與妨礙。正如教育基本法第八條略以「教師之專業自主應予尊重,學生之學習權及受教育權,國家應予保障。」現階段,教師正需要透過工會的集體力量,進行專業的論述與主張,也就是透過團結的教師,才有力量維護專業。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無私奉獻也不該獨善其身</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「教師是志業而不是職業,因此教師工作有其神聖性之角色,師者之所以為師,是在於無私、無悔的奉獻與付出;」此言,確實點出教育工作的重要性,然而,身為一個專業的勞動工作者,教師亦是學生未來生活的引路者。「無私、無悔」可以對他人或自我的期許,但不該是對不義制度的無知;教師沒有勇氣爭取勞動人權,就無法使班級、使學校成為正義、尊嚴的場所,教師個人的獨善其身,適足以成為不義制度的幫兇;教師若無法團結起來,爭取專業自主權,如何可能教導學子,面對全球化的浪潮,培養學生建立尊嚴勞動的概念。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">結語</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個人以為,教師的集體意識並不強烈,透過工會行使團結權的工會認同更是淡薄。從單一的教師會發展到教師工會的成立,教師參與教師組織的人數已然增加,然多數教師仍停留在教師會的結社權行使的概念階段;透過教師會的組織,形成一個教師社群的網絡,教師在網絡中互相連繫,形成一個社群的共同感;但是對於工會團結權的意義、目的,仍需持續地學習與瞭解。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-35667977734300180202015-06-06T17:03:00.002-07:002015-08-17T08:28:17.898-07:00我們為何反對幼照法修法 <div style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">
<strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="background-color: white;"> 在公權力的監督下,將政府的資源或閒置土地空間,<wbr></wbr>提供給公益性質團體,辦理優質平價的非營利幼兒園,<wbr></wbr>能使更多幼兒得享教育公共化帶來精緻化的幼兒照顧及教育,<wbr></wbr>是全民之福,亦是國家進步的象徵,<wbr></wbr>這是幼照法第九條政府支持辦理非營利幼兒園的原因。<wbr></wbr>但若將政府資源提供給私人團體,<wbr></wbr>將造成私幼不受政府監督即逕與予補助,<wbr></wbr>考量成本壓低受雇教育保育人員的薪資,<wbr></wbr>甚至連幼兒園學費都可又不受政府約束的情形,<wbr></wbr>我們擔心幼教品質將更形惡化,教育保育人員的工作條件更為惡劣,<wbr></wbr>因此我們反對取消"非營利幼兒園", 改以公私協力幼兒園取代。</span></span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 此外,幼兒身心發展,隨著愈接近國小學齡,而其教育的需求愈增,<wbr></wbr>保育的需求相對愈少。因此,<wbr></wbr>教師或教保員在幼兒教育階段自有其專業上的角色,<wbr></wbr>不同的專業服務,提供幼兒完整的教育及照顧;<wbr></wbr>也因為幼兒教育事關公益性質,<wbr></wbr>教保服務人員皆須透過一定的培育及資格取得程序,<wbr></wbr>方得從事教保服務工作,此係專業的尊重,<wbr></wbr>也是維護學生受教權必須的堅持。因此,我們反對專業的裂解,<wbr></wbr>反對教保員可以另闢蹊徑取代幼教師,<wbr></wbr>也不認為幼教師的教育及教保員的保護是可以等量或等質齊觀。<wbr></wbr>以工作權的維護掩護專業裂解,將是幼兒教育的最大危機,<wbr></wbr>以此帶來之低薪工作環境亦將反噬整體幼教環境,<wbr></wbr>使教育保育人員之工作條件向下沉淪。</span></strong></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-67019725418916129252015-06-06T17:00:00.001-07:002015-08-17T08:28:57.584-07:00不加入工會真的是自利作為嗎?<div style="color: #550000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;"> 不加入教師會或是教師工會的夥伴,未必不關心教師會。<br /> 相反地,他們關心教師會,他們期待教師組織能更有能量,<wbr></wbr>能關心教育現場,能更為老師爭取權益…<br /> 因為教師會、教師工會努力不夠,他們會受影響;努力有成,<wbr></wbr>他們一塊受惠…</span></strong></span><span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> 更重要的是,他們與會員夥伴之間總是有一個利益的差距,<wbr></wbr>會員必須付出額外的工會會費。</span></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 沒錯,三級教師組織,學校教師會、新北市教師會、<wbr></wbr>全國教師會就教師法賦與的任務,必須為教育政策、<wbr></wbr>學校應興應革事項提出專業的見解;<wbr></wbr>教師會參與法定組織的派出代表也是為每一位老師、學生、<wbr></wbr>學校服務。既是利他行為,<wbr></wbr>選擇加入教師會或教師工會就是一種價值與態度的選擇,<wbr></wbr>也是一種利他與利己之間的決定。利益共享,卻無法有差別待遇,<wbr></wbr>加上,會員與非會員有無付出會費的差距,<wbr></wbr>自然地侵害了教師的積極團結權。</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 依教師法第十六條,教師有參加組織的權利;依工會法第四條,<wbr></wbr>教師得組織及加入工會;<wbr></wbr>在憲法保障人民結社權及得為工作權而加入工會的基本權利前提下,<wbr></wbr>教師是否加入教師組織或工會仍是基於意願。</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 說得明白一些,教師有加入教師組織的權利,相對的,<wbr></wbr>教師也有不加入教師組織的權利。如果組織努力的成果,<wbr></wbr>是大家可以共同享用,不加入組織豈不最有利嗎?事實上,<wbr></wbr>如果多數教師都做了利己的「明智」的決定,<wbr></wbr>勢將對教師組織造成的嚴重影響,當教師組織能量不再,<wbr></wbr>其結果終將反噬每一個基層夥伴。</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 此次教師待遇三讀通過,原則上仍未脫教師組織付出,<wbr></wbr>所有基層教師得共同適用的框架;<wbr></wbr>但在第17條則針對私校教師薪資規定,「教師加入工會者,<wbr></wbr>得授權由工會代表協議」;換言之,<wbr></wbr>會員得透過工會這個團結體與學校協議薪資,會員不必單打獨鬥,<wbr></wbr>以個人之力對抗學校;<wbr></wbr>明確地將工會得替私校會員夥伴協議薪資的規定入法。</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 再者,工會與教師會最大的差異,就是禁止搭便車的精神。<wbr></wbr>團體協約法第13條規定,「團體協約得約定,<wbr></wbr>受該團體協約拘束之雇主,非有正當理由,<wbr></wbr>不得對所屬非該團體協約關係人之勞工,<wbr></wbr>就該團體協約所約定之勞動條件,進行調整。但團體協約另有約定,<wbr></wbr>非該團體協約關係人之勞工,支付一定之費用予工會者,不在此限。<wbr></wbr>」當工會透過團體協約替會員爭取或維持一定的工作條件,<wbr></wbr>一旦團協簽定,團協中約定會員與非會員工作條件的差距,<wbr></wbr>學校就無法片面對非會員,就其團體協約所約定之勞動條件,<wbr></wbr>片面進行調整。</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> 憲法上尊重每個人加入工會與否的自由,但對於工會爭取的成果,<wbr></wbr>非會員是無權要求比照對待,否則工會的努力勢將化為無有。<wbr></wbr>如果非會員不願意加入工會,但希望能比照工會會員的工作條件,<wbr></wbr>則在工會同意下,給予其支付服務費的機會,<wbr></wbr>始得適用工會爭取的成果。換言之,<wbr></wbr>過去會員與非會員的差距是有無繳交會費,<wbr></wbr>未來會員與非會員的差距,則是團體協約簽定出來的差距條款。</span></strong></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-16135914360739081202015-06-06T16:59:00.000-07:002015-08-17T08:37:01.222-07:00工會已經幫我爭取了,為何我還要加入工會?<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEECD0; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">長期以來教師工會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教師會協助與研究解決各項教育議題,派出代表參與各類與教師有關之法定組織,協助本市教育政策的議定,甚至結合社會及政治動能,成為重要教育相關政策的推手,這些都是教師工會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教師會的法定任務。但若無來自個別會員夥伴的全力支持,教師組織怎可能凝聚眾人力量,進而透過集體力量維護教師專業尊嚴?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">5</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">22</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日教師薪資條例終於三讀通過,完成立法,即是教師組織再次展現團結力量的最佳論證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但教師個人,是否已真心體察身為受雇者的團結意識嗎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一種似是而非的論斷與想法:教師會或工會強大,我的工作就可以獲得更多保障,但加入工會,我必須按時繳交經費,且容易被家長、長官貼上標籤;不加入工會,不僅可以明哲保身,亦可節省會費,最重要的是,工會在政策上所做的努力成果,我一樣可以「公平地」享受,相較於繳會費支持工會的夥伴,我可以獲得最大的好處。像這樣眾人利益與個人利益在一致中有衝突的情況下,冷酷地計算自我與他人利益,似乎是合於人性及個人理性的一種最佳選擇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「公地悲劇」描述的是涉及個人利益與公共利益對資源分配有所衝突時,但眾人只願分享,而不願付出時,資源損耗的代價最終還是大家一起承擔。沒錯,教師工會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教師會長期以來所做的努力,目標就是使教育法制化、教育資源公共化,其努力成果,不只是團體的成員享用,不願參與團結體的成員,其所獲得的更多,所以「明智」的選擇是不合作,但如果每個人都這麼想,這樣的組織勢必裂解,最終每個人都受害。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這兩年來,反對惡修教師法、合理的年金制度改革、私校教師公保年金、教師待遇法制化,再再都是公私立學校教師們的共同期待,在全教總、及所有縣市會員工會共同努力下,運用最有限的資源,在中央與地方全面動員,結會員夥伴的個別力量,跨過一個難關又一個難關。在新北,適逢改制為直轄市,這兩三年來所有的教育法規重新法制化,新北市教師嚴格把關,無時無刻不以教育大業為念,為新北優質教育而努力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當師資的訓練從師範教育法改為師資培育法,教師的任用從派任改為聘任制,教師的組織從教師會走向工會;一方面是符應社會多元性的樣態,另一方面也正反映出大眾對教師個人的期待也愈來深切。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">綜上所述,在學校中、在教室裡,每一位老師都是被家長、社會所關注的;一旦教師團結體的能量下降,危及的將是每一個教學現場的老師;隨著後現代思潮來臨,教師已不在握有知識的掌握權,教師這個工作面臨的挑戰,勢將愈形艱困,同舟共濟,更加合作是面對未來的唯一選擇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-68215421740126837932015-03-21T18:57:00.004-07:002015-03-21T18:57:49.611-07:00論「介聘制度增加服務年資之限制」 <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-left: 51.75pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">教育部於<span lang="EN-US">104</span>年<span lang="EN-US">2</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日 修正</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「國民中小學校長主任教師甄選儲訓遷調及介聘辦法」第十二條,將「應在同一學校實際服務滿四學期以上」,改成「應在同一學校實際服務滿四學期以上」;此舉傷害現職教師權利,造成基層教師反彈,更斲傷教師對教育部政策訂定的不信任感,引發教師工作權維謢與介聘制度設限之規定之必要性之討論,以下對此分而述之:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">限制年資規定有違法律保留原則<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教育基本法第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">教育人員之工作、待遇及進修等權利義務,應以法律定之,教師之專業自主應予尊重。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">查教師法第<span lang="EN-US">15-1</span>條規定,學校或主管教育行政機關,依國民教育法所訂辦法辦理遷調或介聘之教師時,僅有教師法第十四條第一項各款之情形時之限制,並無「服務年資」之條件;又查師資培育法及教育基本法均無「服務年資」之明文限制。然,「國民中小學校長主任教師甄選儲訓遷調及介聘辦法中卻有「應在同一學校實際服務滿六學期」之規定,未有法律授權之依據,明顯有違法律保留原則。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">介聘辦法修正須遵循信賴保護原則<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">司法院釋字第<span lang="EN-US">525</span>號解釋「信賴保護原則攸關憲法上人民權利之保障,公權力行使涉及人民信賴利益而有保護之必要者,不限於授益行政處分之撤銷或廢止(行政程序法第一百十九條、第一百二十條及第一百二十六條參照),即行政法規之廢止或變更亦有其適用。行政法規公布施行後,制定或發布法規之機關依法定程序予以修改或廢止時,應兼顧規範對象信賴利益之保護。」教育部<span lang="EN-US">104</span>年<span lang="EN-US">2</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日發布「國民中小學校長主任教師甄選儲訓遷調及介聘辦法」將教師介聘資格從應在同一學校實際服務「滿四學期以上」,改成「滿六學期以上」,顯然有違行政程序法第<span lang="EN-US">8</span>條規定,「行政行為,應以誠實信用之方法為之,並應保護人民正當合理之信賴。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">過去同一學校服務年資之限制之訂定或有其時空背景因素,但限制介聘資格事涉教師工作權,實不宜再增加年資限制;且原辦法「四學期」之規定,對現職教師有存續之效力,新辦法「六學期」屬負擔之性質,為保護人權之故,本就應給以更少之限制。故新辦法施行不應溯及既往,適用對象須以新法至少施行二年<span lang="EN-US">(</span>現行規範四學期<span lang="EN-US">)</span>後初聘之教師方得適用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">介聘的精神是在維護工作權<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">教師遷調介聘制度之設置,其目的在提供現職教師調校之平台,使教師能夠介聘方式,申請遷調至居住地附近之學校任教,以安定教師之生活;而統一平台之整合,能溝通資訊有無,反映師資需求情形,以促成教師遷調之成功率,穩定學校之經營。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<pre style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">查教師法第<span lang="EN-US">15-1</span>條第<span lang="EN-US">1</span>項規定:「學校或主管教育行政機關依前條規定優先輔導遷調或介聘之教師,經學校教師評審委員會審查發現有第十四條第一項各款情事之一者,其聘任得不予通過。」;第<span lang="EN-US">2</span>項規定:「主管教育行政機關依國民教育法所訂辦法辦理遷調或介聘之教師,準用前項之規定。」換言之,不論教師為因教師法第<span lang="EN-US">15</span>條之輔導遷調或介聘或依國民教法第<span lang="EN-US">18</span>條參加之介聘,若無教師法第十四條第一項之情形,</span><span style="color: #363636; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教評會僅得進行所謂的形式審查,不得拒絕,其立法目的即在於優先保障介聘,維護教師工作權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: #363636; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">現今,論者或以,「限制教師工作地之選擇權」,並不侵害教師之工作權,然有學者指出</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">職業自由之內涵為:<span lang="EN-US">1.</span>選擇職業的自由權;<span lang="EN-US">2.</span>選擇工作場所的自由;<span lang="EN-US">3.</span>選擇教育場所的自由;<span lang="EN-US">4.</span>執行職業的自由;<span lang="EN-US">5.</span>禁止強迫從事特定工作;<span lang="EN-US">6.</span>消極職業自由,亦即不從事職業的自由 <span lang="EN-US">(</span>轉引自大法官林錫堯釋字第<span lang="EN-US">689</span>號協同意見書<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。顯然,在沒有法律授權之原則下,以年資限制教師介聘之權利,亦有可能涉及侵害教師工作之問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">安心工作才是穩定師資結構之正辦<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若為考量穩定師資結構,而讓老師無法兼顧家庭與工作,需長期於來回奔波於工作地與家庭,其效果恐怕適得其反。況且,現階段教師介聘成功比率,原本就不高,限制教師調動,只是增加教師調動的難度,對增加師資結構穩定恐怕助益不大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">事實上,工作地之選擇,實與個人家庭生活維繫密切相關,教師選擇適合個人與家庭的工作地,安心於教學工作,促進教師流動,本為介聘制度欲達成之主要目標。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若以考量偏遠地區師資不足現象,應該以增聘專任教師取代過多之代理及代課缺額,並增加公費生名額,提高偏遠地區之工作誘因,恐怕才是解決之道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">代結語<span lang="EN-US">—</span>教師基本人權長期被忽視<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">自大法官釋字<span lang="EN-US">382</span>號解釋,公教分途早已確認,然主管機關或一般大眾仍對於教師之權益事項,習慣以特別權利關係看待,法規訂定及執行仍以增加限制、加強管理;此次,對於教師介聘制度從嚴限制之做法,恐怕只是忽視教師基本人權的冰山一角而已。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-31048769193472553442015-03-10T01:22:00.004-07:002015-03-21T18:54:06.623-07:00教師參與校外教學之加班事實應被合理對待<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過去,教師參與學校</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日以上校外教學或隔宿露營活動,並無加班認定之情形,經新北市教師會於</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日於局長有約座談時反映中和國中教師會提案,教育局爰有</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日北教特字第</span><span lang="EN-US">1011201356</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函略以,學校辦理</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日以上校外教學或隔宿露營活動,若教師或人員夜間仍有須照顧學生並承擔學生人身安全之責任、或值夜等值勤事實經校長核定,得以認定以每日</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">小時為上限,以課務自理為原則,</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月個內『補休』完畢之規定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">校外教學為學校課程與教學之一環,課外教學實施之目</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的在於擴充學生知識領域、增加學習體驗、整合學習效果。為達成校外教學活動之目的,教師行為必須設定適當的教學活動、編印學習單及或學習手冊;並須於行前進行業務分工、人力分組,以維護校外教學活動之安全。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在校外教學的過程當中,教師有全程注意及維護學生安全之義務,因此夜間就寢之查房、點名、檢視學生三餐餐點內容、學生用餐狀況、<span lang="EN-US">24</span>小時處理學生緊急事件。簡言之,教師參與<span lang="EN-US">2</span>日以上校外教學活動,其工作時間確實遠遠超過正常工作時間,即有延長工作時間之情形,也就是有加班之事實。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">查新北市政府及所屬各機關學校教職員工出差加班應行注意事項<span lang="EN-US">(</span>以下簡稱注意事項<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,「出差」得支領出差費、假日出差及夜間出差得依實際執行職務時間補休,但行程及未實施執行職之時間不列入補休範圍;「加班」得以規定上班時間以外經主管覈實指派延長工作者,以小時計算其加班時間並支給加班費,但加班則有每人每日加班不得超過<span lang="EN-US">4</span>小時,每月不得超過<span lang="EN-US">20</span>小時之規定。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">然而,現實的狀況是,教師參與校外教學之「加班」情形,並非依「出差」支給出差費及給予補休,也非依「加班」方式核給加班費;而是給予每日<span lang="EN-US">4</span>小時為上限且課務自理之「補休」方式辦理,此種補休方式,豈止是不平等對待教師,可說是歧視教師,其不合理之處,至少有如下諸項:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一、</span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不給予出差,卻以出差規定進行解釋執行職務期間</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:如上所述,教師參與校外教學活動包含『往返路程』及「住宿」皆為教師特別須用心注意關注之時段,然而主管機關一方面不給予教師支領出差費;另一方面,卻以出差「該延長上班時間,不包含『往返路程』、『住宿』等非執行職務期間」之標準,來認定教師實際執行職務之情形,顯然完全不了解或刻意忽略教師參與校外教學工作之特殊性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">二、</span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不給予加班費,卻以限制加班認定之方式</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:為免加班或出差之派遣浮濫,且為考量主管不當之加班要求,限制加班時數認定,本為合理。然教師參與校外教學,教師須有注意及維護學生安全之義務,校外教學的所有過程,教師均須執行其任務,加班是事實;縱以「加班支領加班費,其加班須每人每日不得超過<span lang="EN-US">4</span>小時之限制」,也無法磨滅教師加班之事實,更何況未給予加班費呢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">三、</span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">既以不得支領加班費,又何須規定「加班應以補休為原則」</span></u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:暫不論,「補休」或「加班」何者對於教師個人較有利,查注意事項第十二點,「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">加班應儘量以補休為原則,加班補休得以時計算,並得於加班後六個月內補休假…</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">當月加班時數無論選擇補休或支領加班費。」其意旨為,教師得選擇以「請領加班費」,或是「補休」方式,而非由主管機關片面規定定教師僅能以「補休」方式代替「加班費」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">四、</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「理務自理的補休」的現況多數等同「無效補休」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育局</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日北教特字第</span><span lang="EN-US">1011201356</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號函規定,教師校外教學補休之加班之實施,須以「課務自理」為原則。然而,教師若須以課務自理方式進行補休,教師必須完成每日之課務,在課務之空檔安排補休,其所能安排補休時段已然受限;若教師採自費安排代課教師,則必須付出相當之代課費用才得以安排補休;因此,對於教師而言,「補休」其實是難以實行,這也造成學校現場的「無效補休」氾濫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">綜上,教師參與校外教學之加班時數認定應考量校外教學工作之特殊性,實不該排除「往返路程」、「住宿」,以符合教育現場之情況,採實際工作情形來認定加班時數;此外,應給予教師加班費請領之權利或是以學校核支代費的方式給予教師補休。教師不該被賦予任務,卻又受不合理之對待且須自行解決所生之不合理問題。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6080607250450770907.post-73272715010231824222014-12-24T04:51:00.004-08:002016-08-25T02:18:12.409-07:00正面看待教師工會進行團體協約協商<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
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